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World Archeology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anthropology?

A

Holistic study of humanity

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2
Q

What is archaeology?

A

Study of the human past through material remains

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3
Q

What is culture?

A

Non-biological means of adaptation; learned behaviors for coping with environment

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4
Q

What are artifacts?

A

Any object created or modified by humans; portable

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5
Q

What are ecofacts?

A

Remains of living things that are found on sites but not made by humans; plant and animal remains

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6
Q

What is a site?

A

Accumulation of artifacts representing human activity (place)

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7
Q

What are features?

A

Non-portable human constructions

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8
Q

What is a survey?

A

Type of fieldwork for finding sites on the surface

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9
Q

What is excavation?

A

Type of field work that includes digging sites, larger scale, systematic exploration of deposits

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10
Q

What are different types of surveys?

A

Field walking, air photos, google earth/satellite imagery, multispectral imagery (soil chemistry, vegetation, human disturbance), LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)-penetrates thick vegetation

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11
Q

What is a geophysical survey (prospection)?

A

Subsurface detection of sites, non-destructive

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12
Q

What are types of geophysical surveys?

A

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)-like SONAR and magnetometry-patterns of magnetism in the soil (burned features, soil disturbances)

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13
Q

What is testing?

A

Small scale digging, for preliminary exploration

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14
Q

What are synchronic excavations?

A

Same layer or horizontal digging

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15
Q

What are diachronic excavations?

A

Multiple levels or vertical digging

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16
Q

What is technology?

A

Manufacturing techniques for converting raw materials into finished projects

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17
Q

What is economy?

A

How we organize the production, distribution, and consumption of goods

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18
Q

What types of goods are in an economy?

A

Basic needs for survival (food, shelter) and non-essential goods (status, wealth, power)

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19
Q

What is subsistence?

A

How we get the food we eat (hunting/gathering, agriculture, and markets)

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20
Q

What are horizontal relationships?

A

Unranked social status (egalitarian)

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21
Q

What are vertical relationships?

A

Ranked based on achieved or inherited social status, social inequality (prestige, wealth, power)

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22
Q

What is rank?

A

Inequality based on kinship relationships

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23
Q

What is class?

A

Status determined by membership in a social group, stratum, or class, not kinship based

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24
Q

What are bands?

A

Small population, mobile, hunters/gatherers, reciprocity, egalitarian, decision by consensus, power by influence

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25
Q

What are tribes?

A

Semi-permanent settlements, reciprocity/redistribution, egalitarian/rank, power by skills knowledge

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26
Q

What are chiefdoms?

A

More than one permanent community, redistribution, rank/class, centralized but general authority

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27
Q

What are states?

A

Large population, many permanent communities, intensive agriculture, trade, market economy, defined and stratified classes, centralized and formal offices with multiple governing bodies, power based on law

28
Q

What is ideology?

A

Ideas about the order of the universe

29
Q

What is cosmology?

A

Understanding origin and place in the universe

30
Q

What is primary context?

A

Artifacts found where they were used and intentionally deposited by past humans

31
Q

What is secondary context?

A

Artifacts have been moved from where they were originally used

32
Q

What are the principal artifact classes?

A

Human remains, stone, animal bone, plant remains, pottery, metals

33
Q

What is relative dating?

A

Relative order of past events (stratigraphy and seriation-changes in form/style over time)

34
Q

What is absolute dating?

A

Precise dates in calendar years (historical records, dendrochronology-tree ring dating-arid regions, bogs, and permafrost; radiometric techniques-half lives of isotopes of organic materials and rocks

35
Q

What is the order of epochs we are studying?

A

Miocene (first Hominins), Pliocene (first Homo), Pleistocene (Ice Age, first Homo sapiens), and Holocene (modern epoch)

36
Q

What are hominins?

A

Humans and their ancestors, divergent lineage from apes

37
Q

How did the human skeleton change to adapt to bipedalism?

A

Bowl-shaped pelvis, long legs, knees angled inwards, no opposable big toe, short/straight fingers, long thumb, power grip, s-shaped spine, forward placement of the spinal cord, larger brain, small brow ridge, less projecting face, smaller canines

38
Q

Where were the early hominins found?

A

East African Rift Valley

39
Q

What is Sahelanthropus tchadensis?

A

Earliest hominin (6-7 mya): small skull, large supraorbital ridges, reduced canines, reduced prognathism, bipedalism

40
Q

What are Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi)?

A

East Africa (4.4 mya)-habitual bipedalism, small brain, long arms, long/curved fingers, opposable big toe, bowl-shaped pelvis, angled knees

41
Q

What are Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)?

A

3-4 mya, obligate (fully) bipedal, footprints found in Laetoli (Tanzania 3.6 mya)-small skull and ape-like upper body and human-like lower body), no opposable big toe

42
Q

Why did bipedalism evolve?

A

Energy efficient, carrying food/objects/infants, less sun exposure

43
Q

What is a hammer stone?

A

A durable stone used for creating flakes

44
Q

What is a core?

A

Raw material of a stone tool (lithic)

45
Q

What is a flake?

A

Detached chips of a core

46
Q

What was the Oldowan type tool?

A

Chopper-flat surface for cutting on one side

47
Q

What is the male provisioning model?

A

Reduced canines and bipedalism evolved together which led to reduced aggression, pair bonding, and increased parental care

48
Q

Where were the first stone tools found?

A

Kenya (3.3 mya)

49
Q

Describe the Basal Paleolithic.

A

3.3-1.8 mya, Oldowan tool industry, Australopithecines & early Homo

50
Q

How do we know a rock is a tool?

A
  • fine-grained stone
  • non-random shape
  • conchoidal fracture
51
Q

Why did early humans use stone tools?

A

Obtaining animal-based nutrients (high calories, energy rich)

52
Q

Why is meat eating important?

A

Allows for brain expansion (needs a lot of energy), plants are harder to break down so…more meat=less get

53
Q

How did hominins get their meat?

A

Confrontational scavenging-taking kills from other carnivores

54
Q

What is the difference between Gracile Australopithecines and Robust Australopithecines (Paranthropus)?

A

Robust-ate tough plants, had a Sagittarius crest for chewing muscles attachment, huge teeth, large jaws, prognathic
Gracile-softer foods (meat), smaller teeth/chewing muscles, less prognathic

55
Q

What is Homo habilis?

A

Increase in brain capacity, more stone tools, more meat, adaptability to cold temperatures (Ice Age)

56
Q

What is bioarchaeology?

A

Study of modern human remains

57
Q

What is paleoanthropology?

A

Study of past human remains and early human evolution

58
Q

What is archaeobotany?

A

Study of the prehistoric use of plants

59
Q

What is archaeozoology?

A

Study of animal remains from sites

60
Q

What was discovered at the Olduvai Gorge?

A

Northern Tanzania (East Africa); a canyon with abundant fossil animal bones (early hominins) with deposit layers from 1.9 mya

61
Q

Describe Homo erectus.

A

Robust with large bones/teeth/bodies, larger brains, heavy bone ridge, larger jaw with no chin, prognathic, forehead absent

62
Q

What was the Pleistocene epoch?

A

Ice Age (2 mya)

63
Q

What is the type tool for the Acheulean?

A

Handaxe-sharp teardrop-shaped cutting tool (Homo erectus)

64
Q

What is the Lower Paleolithic site of Atapuerca?

A

Site in northern Spain (1.3 mya); oldest yet discovered humans on Europe; found evidence of marrow extraction and intentional burials

65
Q

What is the hard hammer manufacturing technique?

A

Stone-on-stone method used to make irregular tools

66
Q

What is the soft hammer manufacturing technique?

A

Using a hammer made of bone, antler, or wood; easier to control, thinner and wider flakes removed

World Archeology (1 decks)

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