Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ap psych > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

behavioral

A

how we learn observable responses: we learn through rewards, punishments and observable behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

biological

A

how the body & brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences: our brain structure and chemistry (neurotransmitters, hormones, etc.) influence our actions and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cognitive

A

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information: our THOUGHTS impact behaviors and emotions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

evolutionary

A

how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes: How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

humanistic

A

how we achieve personal growth and self-fulfillment: How can we work toward fulfilling our potential? How can we overcome barriers to our personal growth?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

psychodynamic

A

how behavior springs from childhood trauma or evil animal instincts: How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained by unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

social-cultural

A

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures: our society places expectations on us -gender, religious, socioeconomic, rural/urban, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

case study

A

one person or situation is observed in depth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

survey

A

used in both descriptional & correlational research where people respond to questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing and recording behavior in a natural environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

experimental research

A

to explore cause and effect
manipulates one or more variables
uses random assignment
pro
- specific cause & effect
- controlled variables
con
- results don’t generalize
- not ethical to manipulate certain variables
- sometimes not feasible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

quasi-experimental research

A

research that manipulates factors to test an idea, doesn’t include random assignment to control groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

confounding variable

A

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

longitudinal research

A

data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a long period of time; observational study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cross-sectional research

A

data is collected from a population or a representative subset, at a specific point in time; observational study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

meta-analysis

A

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many diff research studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

correlational research

A

to detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another
no manipulation
pro
- works with large groups of data
may be used in situations where an experiment would not be ethical or possible
con
- doesn’t specify cause & effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

descriptive research

A

to observe and record behavior
case studies, nat. obs., or surveys
no manipulation
pro
- only one participant for case studies
- nat obs may be done when it is not ethical to manipulate variables
- surveys may be done quickly and inexpensively
con
- uncontrolled variables mean cause and effect cannot be determined
- single cases may be misleading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pros vs con: case study

A

pro
- good source of hypothesis
- indepth info on people
- unusual cases can shed light on unethical or impractical situations
con
- vital info maybe missing
- memories may be selective or inaccurate
- may not be representative or typical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pros vs con: nat obs

A

pro
- good description
- useful in first stages of research program
con
- little to no control
- maybe biased observations
- doesn’t allow firm conclusions about cause & effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pros vs con: lab obs

A

pro
- more control than nat obv
- allows use of sophisticated equipment
con
- allow researcher only limited control
- maybe biased observations
- doesn’t allow firm conclusions about cause & effect
- behavior may differ from behavior in natural environ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pros vs con: test

A

pro
- yield info
con
- difficult to construct tests that are reliable & valid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pros vs con: survey

A

pro
- large data from large ppl
con
- non representative or biased
- inaccurate or untrue responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, you knew it all along

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
who believed the relationship between mind and body are connected?
Hebrews, Aristotle & Augustine
26
who believed the relationship between mind and body are distinct parts?
Socrates, Pluto, Descartes
27
Who believed ideas are inborn?
Socrates & Pluto
28
Who believed ideas come from a blank slate?
Aristotle & John Locke
29
Who is Dorothea Dix and what did she do?
American advocate of mentally ill created first ever mental asylums during civil war to help rather than torture/isolate patients
30
Who created structuralism & what is it?
Wilhelm Wundt - established the 1st psychological lab in Leipzig, Germany Focus: to study consciousness; how elements of the brain are organized and related to one another ** used introspection
31
Who created functionalism & what is it?
William James - created first distinct american school of pscyhology Focus: how consciousness functions to help people adapt to their environments ** used introspection, questionnaires, and mental tests
32
Who created Gestalt Psychology & what is it?
Max Wertheimer Focus: consciousness can be best understood by observing the whole experience rather than trying to break it down into a cluster of component elements CATCHPHRASE: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
33
Who created psychoanalysis & what is it?
Sigmund Freud - first to focus on abnormal behaviors Focus: all behavior and mental processes are directed by unconscious forces * used free association and dream analysis to explore the unconscious mind
34
Sigmund Freud believed problems arise due to
unresolved conflict in the unconscious mind
35
Who created behaviorism & what is it?
JB Watson & BF Skinner Focus: psychology could only study what could be observed and measure objectively [watson] & solely external factors shape behaviors, thoughts not relevant [skinner]
36
nature vs nurture debate
whether human traits are based on biology or one's environment and experiences
37
biopsychosocial approach
It combines the biological, psychological, and social influences on an individual's health behaviors and overall health biological influences: genes, natural selection psychological influences: learned fears & expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processes social-cultural influences: the presence of others, cultural & societal expectations, peer influences, social media
38
psychology vs psychiatry
psychology: studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy psychiatry: med professionals who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients
39
Who is Mary Whiton Calkins?
studied under William James, first woman president of APA
40
Who is G Stanley Hall?
first American to earn PhD in psychology, and first president of the APA
41
Who is Margaret Floy Wahburn
first female to earn PhD in psychology
42
What is the APA
scientific and professional organization of psychologists founded in 1892 at Clark University
43
correlation doesn't prove
causation
44
confirmation bias
when you look for evidence to confirm your beliefs while ignoring other evidence that may disprove it
45
pseudoscience
popular beliefs that seem to be related to science like clairvoyance
46
what is the scientific attitude
curiosity, skepticism, humility
47
theory
testable explanation
48
hypothesis
testable prediction
49
operational definitions
precise definitions of a variable being observed so that it is measurable and managable (allows for replication)
50
experiments are the only method that
isolates a cause & effect
51
representative sample
a smaller group that gives a snapshot of the total population
52
random sample
everyone in the pop has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study to generalize findings
53
stratified sample
the population is divided into relevant subcategories and a random sample is taken from each subcategory
54
random assignment
the researcher randomly assigns participants to the experimental or control group to eliminate the pre-existing differences of groups
55
experimental group
group that receives special treatment
56
control group
participants who do not receive the experimental treatment
57
independent variable
"CAUSE" factor manipulated
58
dependent variable
"EFFECT" factor that may change in response and is being measured
59
placebo
fake treatment
60
single-blind procedure
participants don't know what group they are in
61
double-blind procedure
participants nor the person gathering data know which group is control or experimental
62
measures of central tendency
[distribution of scores] mean (avg), median (middle), mode (most freq)
63
measures of variability
range (diff between highest and smallest #s), standard deviation (avg diff between score and mean)
64
normal distribution produces a
a bell-shaped curve
65
what is most impacted by skewed distribution
mean
66
positive skew is also known as _____ & has a tail on the _____
right skew, right
67
negative skew is also known as _____ & has a tail on the _____
left skew, left
68
inferential statistics
inference that if something happened in sample, it will happen for whole population
69
null hypothesis
no difference between two sets purpose: til research shows there is a diff, the research must assume that any diff is due to chance
70
statistical significance
any difference observed is probably NOT due to chance, and diff is read
71
data is significant when
95% or greater likelihood that any difference is due to an independent variable (p<= 0.05)
72
validity
accuracy, when the experiment measures exactly what you want to measure
73
reliability
consistent results when repeated
74
who determines its ethical?
American Psychological Association (APA) Code Of Ethics - 1953 Institutional Review Board (IRB) - panel approves research
75
informed consent
must inform potential participants about every part of the study that might influence their decision to participate and ensure participation is voluntary
76
assent
minor cannot give written consent, so the experimenter must continuously get assent from child to proceed
77
limited deception
must only decieve people when it is absolutely essential to study must tell about deception at the end of the study during debriefing
78
how does protection from harm and discomfort make it ethical?
must minimize any discomfort or risk involved in the sutdy and must act to prevent participants from suffering any long term negative consequences freedom to particpate or withdraw at any time
79
confidentiality
must keep personal info about the participants a secret, report results in such a way that personal info is not disclosed
80
debriefing
must reveal all relevant info about the research and correction any misimpressions it created participants must leave the study the way the arrived IF ANY DECEPTION OCCURS, IT MUST BE DISCLOSED BEFORE PEOPLE LEAVE
81
why are animals used in research
because behavior is interesting because research with animals can give information that would be impossible or unethical to collect from humans
82
who says animal research is ethical
APA code of ethics 1953 institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)
83
What makes animal research ethical
ABC of laboratory animal research Appropriate - nothing cruel and unusual Beneficial - must benefit human psychological research Caring - must care for animal's well being
84
what does PSYCH stand for in ETHICS
P - privacy/confidentiality S - sign informed consent Y - why, reasoning/debriefing C - curb deception H - harmless
85
what should consent forms include
reason for study declaration of potential harm state voluntary nature of decision benefits of participation permission to record

ap psych (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions