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Psych of Adulthood and Aging 319 200 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Gerontology

A

The study of the aging process

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2
Q

Identity

A

How people view themselves in the bio, psycho, and social domains of life. Interactions of those domains form the self

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3
Q

THE FOUR PRINCIPLES OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING

A

Change is inevitable
Survivors grow old
Individuality matters
Normal aging is different from disease

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4
Q

The Continuity Principal

A

Changes in later adulthood build on the experiences we had earlier years.
-Affects our identity

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5
Q

The Survival Principal

A

The people who live to old age are the ones who managed to outlive threats that could have caused their deaths.

Bio, psycho, and social factors may have contributed to their survival.

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6
Q

The Individuality Principal

A

As we age, we gain more individuality.

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7
Q

Divergence in People Occurs In

A

Physical
Mental
Relationships
Interest in work
Economic security
Personality

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8
Q

Interindividual Differences VS Intraindividual Differences

A

Interindividual differences are differences between people while intraindividual differences are the variations in performance within the same individual.

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9
Q

Multidirectionality

A

Development can proceed in multiple directions within the same person

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10
Q

The types of Aging

A

Primary/Normal Aging
Secondary/Impaired Aging
Tertiary Aging

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11
Q

Primary/Normal Aging

A

The normal changes over time that occur due to universal, intrinsic, and progressive alterations in the body’s systems

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12
Q

Secondary/Impaired Aging

A

Impairment due to disease rather than normal aging

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13
Q

Tertiary Aging

A

Rapid loss of functions across multiple areas at the end of life

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14
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

18 to 29, assuming the full responsibilities of adulthood

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15
Q

The Different “Old Ages”

A

Young-old- Ages 65 to 74
Old-old- Ages 75 to 84
Oldest-old- Ages 85 and older
Centenarians- People over the age of 100
Supercentenarians- People 110 and older

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16
Q

Functional Age

A

How we perform, revealing our true characteristics and abilities

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17
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

“Social class,” reflects people’s position in the educational and occupational ranks of a society

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18
Q

Life Expectancy

A

The average number of years of life remaining to people born within a similar period of time

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19
Q

Life Span

A

The maximum age for a given species

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20
Q

Developmental Science

A

The focus of life span development

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21
Q

Contextual Influences on Development

A

Sex, race, ethnicity, social class, income, religion, and culture

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22
Q

Life-Span Perspective

A

Childhood - old age

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23
Q

Geriatrics

A

Medical specialty in aging, sociology, anthropology, the humanities, and other behavioral and social sciences

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24
Q

Niche-Picking

A

Genetic and environmental factors that influence the direction of a child’s life.

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25
Q

Organismic Model

A

Heredity drives the course of development throughout life

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26
Q

Mechanistic Model

A

People’s behavior changes-with-need to adapt to their environments
-Growth occurs with learning opportunities
-No definable stages

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27
Q

Interactionist Model

A

Genetics, environment, and the individual interact with development

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28
Q

Plasticity in Development

A

Development may be altered (is “plastic”) depending on individual’s specific interactions in the environment.
-Mental and Physical exercise
-Avoiding risky behavior

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29
Q

Reciprocity in Development

A

People reciprocate-influence-for-development

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30
Q

Ecological Perspective

A

The environment affects the individual’s development

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31
Q

Environmental Levels of the Ecological Perspective

A

Macrosystem
Ecosystem
Mesosystem
Microsystem
The Individual

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32
Q

Chronosystem

A

From the ecological perspective, changes that take place over time.

33
Q

Life Course Perspective

A

The norms, roles, and attitudes about age that impact the shape of our lives

34
Q

Social Clock

A

The expectations for the ages by society
-Age
-Social roles
-Resources available
-The way they are treated by others

35
Q

Activity Theory

A

Older adults happy about staying active in their roles

36
Q

Disengagement Theory

A

We become more anti-social as we age

37
Q

Continuity Theory

A

Disengagement or activity is beneficial to the older adult depending on their personality

38
Q

Ageism

A

A set of beliefs, attitudes, social institutions, and acts that denigrate individuals or groups based on their chronological age

39
Q

Terror Management Theory

A

We are afraid of being mortal

40
Q

Modernization Hypothesis

A

Because of Western society doing better, older adults are devalued

41
Q

Intersectionality

A

Multiple “isms” interact with one another to influence the discriminatory ways in which people reflecting more than one group are treated

42
Q

Multiple Jeopardy Hypothesis

A

Having more than one “ism” and experiencing biases against each.

43
Q

Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychological Development

A

Infancy (0-2) - Trust VS Mistrust
Toddler (2-3) - Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt
Preschool (4-6) - Initiative VS Guilt
Childhood (7-12) - Industry VS Inferiority
Adolescence (13-19) - Identity VS Role Confusion
Young Adulthood (20s) - Intimacy VS Isolation
Middle Adulthood (30s-50s) - Generativity VS Stagnation
Old Age (60s+) - Integrity VS Despair

44
Q

Schemas

A

Mental structures we use to understand the world

45
Q

Assimilation VS Accomodation

A

In A -S- similation, people use their existing schemas to understand the world around them. In A -C- comodation people change their schemas in response to new information about the world.

-S- in assimilation stands for -same,- and the -C- in accommodation for is -change.-

46
Q

Identity Assimilation

A

The interpretation of new experiences in terms of a person’s existing identity.
-Feel happy about being not perfect
-Distort your interpretation of experiences when change actually happens

47
Q

Identity Accommodation

A

Making changes in identity in response to experiences that challenge people’s current view of themselves

48
Q

Identity Balance

A

The equilibrium of when people tend to view themselves consistently but can make changes when called for
-Can have destructive consequences

49
Q

Multiple Threshold Model

A

Individuals realize that they are getting older as aging-related changes occur
-ignore signs that the changes the body is going through require attention
-“use it or lose it” approach to the aging process

50
Q

Selective Optimization with Compensation model (SOC)

A

Putting more effort into abilities that are important and less into those that are not.

51
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The measured variable

52
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable that is manipulated

53
Q

Experimental Design

A

Research method in which an independent variable is manipulated and scores are measured on the dependent variable. Involves random assignment of respondents to treatment and control groups

54
Q

Quasi-Experimental Design

A

Groups are compared on predetermined characteristics

55
Q

Descriptive Research Designs

A

How people perform based on their age but does not attempt to rule out social or historical factors

56
Q

Factors that jointly influence the individual’s performance on a given psychological measure

A

Age
Cohort- Year (or period) of a person’s birth (Measuring Influences relative to history at time of birth)
Time of Measurement- Year or period in which a person is tested (Measuring current influences on individuals being tested)

57
Q

Cohort Effects

A

The social, historical, and culture influences that affect people during a particular period of time

58
Q

Normative History

A

Influences at or around the time of a person’s birth

59
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

People are followed repeatedly from one test occasion to another

60
Q

The Downfall of Longitudinal Research Designs

A

-Can’t tell if change results from the person’s own aging or the result of the changing environment in which the person functions

-Expensive and technologically challenging (as it takes place over years-decades)

-Losing participants to death, relocation, or lack of sustained interest

61
Q

Prospective Study

A

Longitudinal design but sample from a population of interest before they exp life event or illness

62
Q

Selective Attrition

A

People who drop out of a longitudinal study are not representative of the sample that was originally tested. Nonrandom sampling.

63
Q

Cross-Sectional Research Design

A

Groups of people compared with different ages at one point in time.
-Reflects differences between cohorts and effects of current social and cultural influences

64
Q

Sequential Design

A

Data collection via different combinations of the variables of age, cohort, and time of measurement

65
Q

Most Efficient Design

A

Three designs manipulating the variables of age, cohort, and time of measurement

66
Q

Time-Sequential Design

A

Data is organized by age and time of measurement

67
Q

Cohort Sequential Design

A

Cohorts are compared at different ages

68
Q

Cross-Sequential Design

A

Cohorts are examined at different times of measurement

69
Q

Correlational Design

A

Relationships among two or more variables
-Age is a continuous variable, so no need for defined groups

70
Q

Multivariate Correlational Design

A

Simultaneously evaluating the effects of more than two variables

71
Q

Multiple Regression Analysis

A

Multivariate correlational research design but the variables are used to predict scores on another variable

72
Q

Logistic Regression

A

Test the likelihood of an individual receiving a score on a discrete yes–no variable
-Moderation
-Mediation

73
Q

Moderation VS Mediation

A

Moderation is when variables A & B are thought to influence C. Mediation compares the correlation between A & B with and without their correlation to C.

74
Q

Path Analysis

A

Test all possible correlations in the variables to see if they can be explained by a single model

75
Q

Latent Variable

A

A statistical composite of several variables

76
Q

Structural Equation Model (SEM)

A

Test models involving relationships w/ latent variables

77
Q

Types of Research Methods

A

Lab Studies
Qualitative Methods
Archival Research
Survey Method
Epidemiology
Case Report
Focus Group
Daily Diary Method
Observational Method
Meta-Analysis

78
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events
-Prevalence statistics- % of people who have EVER HAD symptoms in a particular period
-Incidence statistics- % of people who FIRST HAVE symptoms in a given period

79
Q

MEASUREMENT AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING

A

Reliability
Validity
Informed Consent
Debriefing
Privacy
Benefits
Deception

Psych of Adulthood and Aging 319 200 (4 decks)

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