UNIT 1

Question 1

is a vital component of nursing roles each day it is common for nurses to make critical decisions regarding the safety appropriateness and effectiveness of the medication administered to their patients.

Answer 1

Safe medications administration

Question 2

Examples of decisions that nurses make during patient care include:

Answer 2

1. Is my patient’s heart rate within the correct range to receive this beta blocker medication?
2. Does my patient have adequate renal function prior to administering this dose of antibiotic?
3. Is this pain medication effective in controlling patient discomfort?

Question 3

In order to make safe medication administration of decisions, the nurse must have a _____, ____, _____ and ____ can be strongly connected to the use of medications in a patient’s treatment plant so before a student nurse reviews of medication order

Answer 3

strong understanding of pharmacology; symptoms management; physical recovery; individual well-being

Question 4

so before a student nurse reviews of medication order:

Answer 4

1. Checks a medication administration record.
2. Removes a medication from an expensing machine
3. It is important to have a foundational understanding on how medication work within the human body

Question 5

• chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention or diagnosis of disease
• used otherwise enhanced physical or mental well-being

Answer 5

Drug

Question 6

maybe classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes

Answer 6

drug

Question 7

is a group of medications with certain similarities so there are three dominant methods used to classify them

Answer 7

Drug class

Question 8

specific changes that they can cost in your body.

Answer 8

The mechanism of action

Question 9

how your body responds to them

Answer 9

Physiologic affects

Question 10

what they are made of.

Answer 10

The chemical structure

Question 11

T or F
Actually, there are multiple categories not all drugs fit nearly into a single category. Some drugs are good together under one method but not another. Others belong in multiple classes even within the same system

Answer 11

True because for example, finasteride which treats enlarge prostate and regrows hair.

Question 12

it is an approved drug for hyperthyroidism (traits low thyroid function) but is often used off-label to treat depression.

Answer 12

lemotroxine

Question 13

is to make sure you use the drug safely and get the greatest possible benefit. Every time you take a drug your body chemistry changes.

Answer 13

The aim of drug classification

Question 14

are meant to help but they sometimes cause harmful effects so if you take multiple drugs, they may chain each other’s effectiveness. They can also make side effects or more severe. But your healthcare team can understand what to expect to it and that includes the risk and which other drugs you can switch to.

Answer 14

Medications

Question 15

also have identified drug-drug interactions and the potential of drug resistance.

Answer 15

Classification

Question 16

The action of one drug can make another drug less effective, they may change the way your body absorbs or uses the drug. When classified the mechanism of action and interaction that affects one job will usually affect others in the same classes

Answer 16

Drug to drug interaction

Question 17

work by blocking stomach acid but they also deplete stomach acids you need to break down protein inhibitor (a class of HIV drugs) so taking this drug together makes the HIV drug less able to control the infection

Answer 17

Antacids

Question 18

It is important to use caution when combining drugs that affect the same organ system so your liver uses an enzyme called ___ to process drugs out of your system, if you take to drugs metabolized by it your liver may not be able to clear them effectively, they can build up leading to toxicity or what we called overdose by classifying a job by its ____, healthcare providers can be can avoid this interactions

Answer 18

cyp3a4; cyp3a4 action

Question 19

drugs like ___, and ___ or _____ that are metabolized by the kidneys taking them together can lead to toxicity and even kidney failure.

Answer 19

methotrexate and Advil or the ibuprofen

Question 20

starting with the mildest possible drugs, you then work up until you find what is effective that’s because milder drugs have fewer side effects this over means taking the over the counter drugs or the OTC if they’re not effective you may move up to a prescription drug so guidelines for healthcare provider often list preferred classes and alternate process proven the prepared one’s that don’t work.

Answer 20

Treatment staging

Question 21

1976- WHO created a system called anatomical therapeutic chemical

Answer 21

(ATC) Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification system

Question 22

(ATC) Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification system LEVELS

Answer 22

LEVEL 1 describes the organ system treated
LEVEL 2 describes the therapeutic effect
LEVEL 3 describes the mechanism of action
LEVEL 4 describes general chemical properties
LEVEL 5 describes chemical components

Question 23

1820 - it’s goal is to ensure prescription and ATC drugs approved in the US meet quality standards so those that do go on the national formulary issued by the US or the food and drug administration. Among it may function. The USP was tasked by the US congress to classify the drugs.

Answer 23

`(USP)United States Pharmacopeia

Question 24

importance of Drug classification

Answer 24

they help protect you from severe side effects and drug interactions.
-they help ensure the body can break down and use medication
-they help guide many treatment decisions

Question 25

-highly characterized material suitable to test the identity, strength, purity of substances from pharmaceutical use and products -empowered by FDA to ensure safety

Answer 25

Drug standards and drug information

Question 26

It describes the relationship between the dose of the drug given to a patient and the activity of that drug in treatment the patients disorder

Answer 26

3 Basic Areas of Pharmacology

Question 27

is the study of how various dosage forms Influence the way in which the drug affects the body

Answer 27

Pharmaceutics

Question 28

is the study of what the body does to the drug, it involves the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

Answer 28

Pharmacokinetics

Question 29

is the study of what does the drug does to the body, involves drug receptor relationship.

Answer 29

Pharmacodynamics

Question 30

3 phases of drug activity

Answer 30

1. Pharmaceutical phase 2. Pharmacokinetics phase 3. Pharmacodynamics phase

Question 31

Disintegration of the dosage forms dissolution of drug in the body

Answer 31

Pharmaceutical phase

Question 32

II. Pharmacokinetics phase

Answer 32

1. Absorption 2. Distribution 3. Metabolism 4. Excretion

Question 33

III. Pharmacodynamics phase

Answer 33

Drug receptor interaction

Question 34

sunod-sunod na phase ng drug activity (lahat-lahat)

Answer 34

DOSE OF FORMULATED DRUG -> ADMINISTRATION -> I. Pharmaceutical phase -> DRUG AVAILABLE FOR ABSORPTION ->II. Pharmacokinetics phase -> DRUG AVAILABLE FOR ACTION -> III. Pharmacodynamics phase -> EFFECT

Question 35

ratio that compares the drug concentration at which the drug becomes toxic and concentration at which the drug is effective

Answer 35

Therapeutic index and Drug safety

Question 36

T or F The larger the therapeutic index the more dangerous the drug is,

Answer 36

F. It is safer because if the therapeutic index is small, the difference between the two concentration is very small then the drug must be dosed carefully and the person receiving the drug should be monitored closely for any signs

Question 37

also known as DRUG SAFETY is the signs and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects of any possible drug related problem from WHO.

Answer 37

Pharmacovigilance

Question 38

It describes a drug effect which increases in proportion to increasing drug dose a graded response to a drug is seeing an individual and increases with those graded dose-response graphs plot the responses to a drug against its concentration how.

Answer 38

Graded dose response

Question 39

denotes the amount of drug needed to produce a given effect in a graded dose response measurement the effect usually chosen is 50% of the maximal effect and the concentration or those causing this protein effects.

Answer 39

Potency and efficacy

Question 40

___ determined mainly by the affinity of the receptor for the drug and the number of receptors available so efficacy often called ___ is the greatest effect or the E-max

Answer 40

potency; MAXIMAL EFFICACY

Question 41

can produce if a dose is taken to a highest tolerated level efficacy is determined mainly by the nature of the drug and the receptor and its associated affecter system.

Answer 41

Agonist

Question 42

are proteins so either inside in a cell or in a surface which receives a signal In a normal physiology this is a chemical signal where a protein ligand binds into protein receptor

Answer 42

Cellular Receptor and Drug Action.

Question 43

Receptor 4 main classes

Answer 43

Ligand - gated ion channels Tyrosine kinase coupled Intracellular steroid G-protein coupled - GPCR

Question 44

is a macromolecule in the membrane or inside the cell that is specifically or chemically bind a ligand or a drug.

Answer 44

Receptor

Question 45

determine the degree of affinity of ligand to receptor so ligand to receptor so ligands or the drugs that attracted the receptor may be classified as agonist or antagonist.

Answer 45

The strength of the chemical bonds, the covalent, ionic, hydrogen, hydrophobic

Question 46

T or F The binding of the drug receptor depends on the types of chemicals bond that can be established between drug and receptor.

Answer 46

T

Question 47

produce the biological response as a result of receptor ligand interaction therefore agonist possesses efficacy

Answer 47

Agonist

Question 48

do not provoke any biological response activity after binding to its receptor

Answer 48

Antagonist

Question 49

MOST ABUNDANT TYPE OF RECEPTORS

Answer 49

G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR (FAMILY OF 100)

Question 50

is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is released from the formulation it is delivered in, this must occur before the drug can be absorbed into the body

Answer 50

Liberation

Question 51

is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance enters the blood circulation in the body so the pharmacokinetic parameters for absorption includes absorption rate, constant absorption trait over amount of drug remaining to be absorbed.

Answer 51

Absorption

Question 52

pharmacokinetic parameters for absorption

Answer 52

absorption includes absorption rate, constant absorption trait over amount of drug remaining to be absorbed

Question 53

is amount of drug absorbed over the drug dose

Answer 53

Bioavailability

Question 54

Factors that affects absorption of drugs Two absorption process

Answer 54

Passive diffusion Active transport

Question 55

ABSORPTION PROCESS major processes through which the drugs are absorbed into the body which does not require energy

Answer 55

Passive diffusion -

Question 56

ABSORPTION PROCESS process that uses energy to actively move a molecule across a cell membrane

Answer 56

. Active transport

Question 57

process in which a pharmaceutical substance is dispersed through the fluids and tissues in the body the pharmacokinetic parameters for distribution includes: 1. Apparent volume of distribution is equal to amount of drug in the body over the drug concentration in the plasma 2. Unbound fraction which is equal to unbound drug concentration in the plasma over the total drop of concentration in the plasma.

Answer 57

Distribution

Question 58

is the process in which a process in which the pharmaceutical substance is transformed into other substances they called it METABOLITES in the body to the pharmacokinetic parameters from the metabolism includes

Answer 58

Metabolism

Question 59

pharmacokinetic parameters from the metabolism includes

Answer 59

Metabolic clearance or drug metabolism rate over the drop concentration in the plasma

Question 60

This is the most rapid cellular response to receptor activation and -composed of multiple peptide subunits and each contains four membrane spanning domains

Answer 60

Transmembrane ion-channels receptors

Question 61

-the intracellular membrane in enzymic active, mga catalyc receptor or is bound to specific enzymes

Answer 61

Transmembrane receptors with cytosolic domain

Question 62

not associated with cell membranes -in general their protein molecules consists from three main domains: HSP90, DNA, Ligand-binding domains

Answer 62

Intracellular receptors

Question 63

mostly lipid, soluble, and passively fast membrane

Answer 63

ligand

Question 64

4 MAIN COMPONENTS OF PHARMACOKINETICS (LADME)

Answer 64

Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 65

this is the process in which the pharmaceutical substance is removed from the body in rare cases some drugs may never be completely excreted from the body

Answer 65

Excretion

Question 66

FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPONSES TO DRUGS

Answer 66

- weight -age -gender -physiological factors -pathological factors -genetic factors -immunological factors -psychological factors -environmental factors -cumulation effects -interaction

Question 67

examples of physiological factors

Answer 67

dirunal rhythm, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, hydration

Question 68

examples of pathological factors

Answer 68

disease, hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysfunction, vascular disorders, low blood pressure

Question 69

examples of psychological factors

Answer 69

placebo effect, health beliefs, compliance

Question 70

examples of environmental factors

Answer 70

temperature, light, noise, drug tolerance

Question 71

- one drug prevents or enhances the absorption of another drug Ex. tetracycline cannot be absorbed if the client recently took calcium supplement calcium products and still present on the GI tract

Answer 71

In the absorption size

Question 72

drugs compete for the protein bonding sites one drug prevents the other drug to transported to reactive tissue Ex. methotrexate a chemotherapeutic drug if taken with aspirins will be excreted a lot because aspirin is more competitive for the size

Answer 72

Upon distribution

Question 73

Drugs can enhance or block the metabolism of other drug Ex. Warfarin biotransformation will be increased when taken with (drug unknown) this means that the clients will need higher doses in order to achieve the side effect

Answer 73

During biotransformation

Question 74

Drugs compete for excretion therefore leading to accumulation and toxic effects of the drugs list excreted Ex. quinidine or the digoxin when taken together affect the excretion of digoxin, this leads to increased serum level of digoxin of the client because digoxin cannot be excreted

Answer 74

During excretion

Question 75

Drugs can be antagonist to another drug meaning it can oppose the effect of one another which leads to a no therapeutic effect Ex. antihypertensive drugs effect is negated if taken with antihistamine or anti-allergy because antihistamines elevate blood pressure also antidiabetic medications which lowers blood sugar shall not be taken with the (unknown) because it also lowers blood sugar but with little to no control that will lead to loss of blood sugar control.

Answer 75

The Action Site

Question 76

There is some food that increase acid productions therefore speeding the breakdown of drugs that will ultimately prevent absorption and distribution Ex. Tetracycline shall not be taken with iron and calcium. Grapefruit juice affect liver enzymes for up to 48 hours this will increase or decrease the serum level of drugs

Answer 76

Drug food interaction

Question 77

Some of the laboratory result may increase or decrease is caused by drugs and not the body's own reaction or response Ex. dalteparin used to prevent deep vein thrombosis after abdominal surgery may cause increase level of the liver enzymes aspirate amino transferase and alanine aminotransferase with no injury to liver cell or hepatitis.

Answer 77

Drug laboratory interactions

Question 78

drug alternate therapy interaction can occur in ff:

Answer 78

1. In the absorption size 2. Upon distributin 3. During biotransformation 4. During excretion 5. The action site 6. drug food interaction 7. drug laboratory interactions

Question 79

An act instituting the comprehensive dangerous act of 2002 repealing republic act no. 6425 otherwise known as the "Dangerous Drugs of 1972" as amended, providing funds therefore and for other purposes this act is known as the cited as the comprehensive dangerous drugs act of 2002.

Answer 79

Republic act no. 9165 (June 7, 2002)

Question 80

can be safe and effective alternatives to their counterparts and often as a reduced dose, by fb low, generic medications must have some chemically active ingredient in the same those Ex. they must be a bio equivalent however the excipients of the substance that holds the active chemical ingredients into peel form such as top or the flavoring can be different, some patients do not tolerate these differences in excipients very well. When prescribing a medication, the provider must indicate the generic substitution. Nurses are often pivotal in completing paperwork on the patient's behalf, if the brand-new medication is more effective or better tolerated by a particular patient so when studying medication, it is important to know medication by their generic name.

Answer 80

Generic Drugs

Question 81

A drug or other substances that is tightly controlled by the government because it may be abused or cause addiction. The control applied to the way the substance is made, used, handled, stored and distributed.

Answer 81

Controlled substances

Question 82

Controlled substances include:

Answer 82

Opioid Stimulants Depressants Hallucinogens Anabolic steroids

Question 83

Controlled substances with no medical use such as:

Answer 83

Morphine Valium Ritalin

Question 84

are pharmaceutical agents developed with medical conditions which because there are so rare so would not be profitable to produce without government assistance, the conditions are referred based on orphan diseases so orphan drugs are produced to treat orphan diseases.

Answer 84

orphan drugs

Question 85

medications do not require a prescription so you can buy them at a pharmaceutical store, they can be brought to store and may be used by multiple individuals. OTC medications are also regulated so the FDA, some prescription medications are available for purchases as OTC in smaller doses ex. diphenhydramine or Benadryl is commonly prescribed as 50 mg every 6 hours and the prescription strength is 50 mg however it can be purchased OTC in 25 mg doses or less for children.

Answer 85

Over the counter drugs Ex. paracetamol