Unit 1 Flashcards
(42 cards)
Types of medical interventions
Genetics: braille, gene therapy, bone marrow transplant
Medical aids: glasses, braces, insoles, contacts
Medicine: advil, Tylenol, ibuprofen
Surgery: Botox, transplant, nose job
Rehab: crypto therapy, acupuncture, chemotherapy
Diagnostics: MRI scans, blood tests, thermometer
Immunology: ELISA, vaccines, antibiotics
Hygiene: comb, shampoo, floss
What is an outbreak
Is a sudden rise in the number of cases of a disease
Steps of ELISA
1: antigens in the sample bind to the sides of the wells
2: primary antibody binds to the specific antigen
3: secondary antigen (conjugated to an enzyme) binds to primary antibody
4: substrate reacts with the enzyme to produce a color change
Examples of ELISA tests
Pregnancy and COVID tests
Antibody/antigen
Antigens cause disease while antibodies fight them
Pathogen
A tiny thing that causes disease
Antigen-antibody complex
Complex formed by the binding of an antibody to an antigen and initiate immune responses
steps of BLAST
• Step 1: Given query sequence Q, compile the list of possible words which form with words in Q high scoring word pairs.
• Step 2: Scan database for exact matching with the list of words complied in step 1.
• Step 3: Extending hits from step 2.
• Step 4: Evaluating significance of extended hits from step 3.
What is BLAST used for
to identify portions that align with or are the same as existing sequences.
Explain how antibiotics prevent growth of E. coli on specific bacterial plates- how & why?
disrupt essential processes or structures in the bacterial cell. This either kills the bacterium or slows down bacterial growth. With a specific antibiotic, it would be able to prevent the growth of E. coli.
Why did the E. coli I strain grow on both the LB agar plate and the LB agar plate with streptomycin but not grow on the LB agar plate with ampicillin?
It did not grow on the LB agar plate with ampicillin because it was not affected by the specific antibiotic to stop the growth of the bacteria. The ampicillin plate was affected by the antibiotic resulting in no bacteria growth
Transformation
a bacterium takes up a piece of DNA floating in its environment
Transduction
DNA is accidentally moved from one bacterium to another by a virus
Conjugation
DNA is transferred between bacteria through a tube between cells.
difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria
(+)
1 thick
no outer lipid membrane
purple
exotoxins
stains easier
few patho
inner membrane
treatable antibiotics
(-)
2 thin
outer lipid membrane
pink
endotoxins
harder to stain
tend to be patho
inner/outer membrane
harder to treat antibiotics
How do antibiotics work?
A substance produced by or derived from a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganism
What happens if you finish your medication and what happens if you don’t?
Even if your symptoms go away, the bacteria may still be present in your body. If you stop treatment before the antibiotic cycle is over, the remaining bacteria can continue to multiply and become resistant to antibiotics.
They may directly attack the bacterial cell wall, which injures the cell.
differences between frequency & amplitude.
Frequency is a measurement of cycles per second, and amplitude is a measurement of how large a wave is
difference between conductive & sensorineural hearing loss, where they occur, examples, and interventions for both.
Conductive hearing loss - occurs when sound conduction is impeded through the external ear, the middle ear, or both.
Intervention: hearing aids
Sensorineural hearing loss - occurs when there is a problem within the cochlea or the neural pathway to the auditory cortex.
Intervention: Hearing aids, cochlear/brainstem implants
the outer part of the ear that takes the sound waves and puts them into the ear canal that will amplify the sounds.
Pinna
where sound waves enter
Auditory canal
drains fluids and balances air pressure within the ear.
Eustachian tube
allows the transmission of sound waves by attaching the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
Ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)
acquires the vibrations from the outer ear and takes them to the ossicles in the middle ear and acts as a protection barrier.
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
