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APES Mid-Term > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biodiversity

A

Genetic, species, and ecosystem, higher = better ecosystem, declining can mean more pollution, climate change

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2
Q

Renewable Energy

A

Can be replenished naturally(or at a near rate of consumption); depletable can be run through if overused

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3
Q

Developing Country

A

still industrializing and population still growing rapidly; will also increase on a per/person basis as their economies industrialize & residents achieve higher standards of living

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4
Q

Fossil Fuel

A

Most common fuel source

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5
Q

Natural Gas

A

secondary fuel for electricity - 50 to 60 years left

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6
Q

Coal

A

main fuel for electricity generation - 100-150 years left

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7
Q

Hydroelectric Energy

A

Water spins a turbine which generates electricity: dams are most common

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8
Q

Nuclear Energy

A

Uranium fission releases heat to turn water into steam, which turns a turbine to generate electricity

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9
Q

Coal Formation

A

Pressure from overlying rock & sediment layers compacts peat into coal over time

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10
Q

Fossil Fuel Products

A

Crude oil (petroleum) is converted into lots of different products through the process of fractional distillation Petroleum gas
Gasoline (fuel for cars)
Naphtha (used to make plastic)
Jet fuel
Diesel fuel
Motor oil
Bitumen (asphalt for roads)

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11
Q

Fracking Fluid

A

water salt, detergents, or acids are pumped into well at a very high pressure to crack the rock even more and allow natural gas to flow out

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12
Q

Steps to convert fossil fuels to generate electricity

A

heat, water into steam, steam turns turbine, turbine powers generator, generator produces electricty

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13
Q

environmental consequences of coal

A

habitat destruction to clear land for mining, produces pollutants and releases CO2

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14
Q

Biomass

A

organic matter(wood/charcoal, dried animal waste, dead leaves/bush) burned to release heat - primarily for heating homes and cooking - releases CO2(carbon neutral) releases respiratory stressors

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15
Q

Solar Energy

A

uses suns heat to convert to energy
passive: absorbing or blocking heat from the sun, w/out the use of mechanical equipment

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16
Q

Photovoltaic

A

solar panels(contain semiconductor that emits low voltage electrical current when exposed to sun), intermittency meaning only generated during the day

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17
Q

geothermal energy

A

naturally heated water reservoirs(heated by mantle) underground are drilled into and piped up to the surface(or water can be piped down into naturally heated rock layers) - renewable!

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18
Q

wind energy

A

kinetic energy of moving air(wind) spins a turbine, generator converts mechanical energy of turbine into electricity, clustered

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19
Q

municipal solid waste

A

solid waste from cities, waste stream refers to flow of waste to recycling centers, landfills, or trash incineration facilities
E.X. trash, litter, garbage, refuse

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20
Q

Sanitary Landfills

A

landfills where developed nations dispose of trash, different than dumps because of these qualifies
-bottom liner, leachate collection system, methane recovery system, clay cap

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21
Q

leachate

A

water draining through waste and carrying pollutants

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22
Q

methane

A

colorless, odorless, flammable gas present in natural gas and formed by the decomposition of plant matter, pollutant

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23
Q

incineration

A

waste can be burned to reduce the volume that needs to be landfilled, can reduce volume by 90%, but releases air pollutants, can generate electricity

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24
Q

recycle

A

processing and converting solid waste into new products, least sustainable of rs, costly

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25
Compost
organic matter being decomposed under controlled conditions, makes foul smell and attracts pests
26
Aquifer
body of permeable rock which can contain or transmit groundwater, confined has impermeable layer that prevents water from seeping into; opposite for unconfined
27
carrying capacity
the max number of individuals in a population that an ecosystem can support(based on limiting resources)
28
overshoot
when a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity, leads to resource depletion
29
predator-prey relationship
populations increase and decrease together
30
density independent-factor
factors that influence population growth independent of their size, natural disasters
31
logistic growth
initial growth, then limiting factors limit population to K
32
crude growth rate
population growth rate , divided by 10
33
doubling rate
70/growth rate(in percent)
34
transform fault plate boundry
plates slides past each other in opposite directions(forms earthquakes)
35
thermosphere
hottest temperature, absorbs x-rays and UV rays, has aurora borealis
36
mesosphere
middle, less dense
37
stratosphere
second layer, less dense due to less presure from above layers, thickest ozone layer found here
38
troposphere
weather change occurs here, most pressure, gas molecules, ozone is harmful to humans
39
el nino
warm phase, occurs in tropical waters, occurs around Christmastime, warmer water to west, more moisture, cold deep water into easter, upwelling on south American coast, water is cold and nutrient rich(helps fishing industry)
40
biome
large area with similar climate conditions that determine plant and animal species there average yearly temperature and precipitation determine
41
herbivore
plant eaters, eat plants for energy
42
tertiary consumer
animals that eat everything else, top of food chain
43
secondary consumer
animals that eat primary consumers or herbivores, second down on food chain
44
primary consumers
animals that eat plants, herbivores
45
producers
plants, convert suns light into energy into chemical energy
46
food web
map showing how matter and energy flow through an ecosystem from organism to organism, arrows indicate direction
47
food chain
show only one linear path of energy and matter
48
trophic levels
levels of consumers and producers within food chain
49
island biography
study of ecological relationships and community structure on islands, larger islands = more total species, closer to mainland support more species
49
island biography
study of ecological relationships and community structure on islands, larger islands = more total species, closer to mainland support more species
50
safe water drinking act
requires EPA to determine maximum contaminant level, max amount of pollutant that can be in water and not hurt human health
51
secondary succession
starts from already established soil, in an area where disturbances(forest fire) cleared out majority of plant life
52
primary succession
occurs in an area that hasn't previously been colonized by plants(bare rock), moss
53
k-selected species
few offspring, heavy parental care, usually reproduce many times
54
r-selected species
many offspring, little to no care, reproduce only once, shorter lifespan quick to sexual maturity
55
survivorship curve
line that shows survival rate of a cohort, group of same aged individuals, in a population birth to death
56
type I
mostly k-selected, high survivorship until late in life
57
type II
steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life
58
autotroph
can produce their own food
59
eutrophication
excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.
60
taiga
exist far north in cold, Scotland, forest type
61
tragedy of the commons
situation in which individuals with access to a shared resource (also called a common) act in their own interest and, in doing so, ultimately deplete the resource
62
trade winds
steady and persistent winds which blow on the Equatorial side of the subtropical high pressure systems in both Hemispheres
63
cogeneration
a single, integrated system in which many forms of useful energy are simultaneously generated mostly electrical and thermal using single sources of fuel
64
clean air act
law that defines EPA's responsibilities for protecting and improving the nation's air quality and the stratospheric ozone layer.
65
shale
fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments
66
fuel cell
a class of devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electricity by electrochemical reactions, a lot like a battery
67
permafrost
a thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring chiefly in polar regions:
68
comprehensive environmental responsibility compensation and liability act
To enforce short-term and long term removal or remedial response actions by the EPA for sites contaminated with hazardous substances.
69
reproductive strategy
strategy to reproduce better
70
Resource conservation and recovery act
authorizes the EPA to regulate the waste management and disposal activities of industrial and municipal waste generators
71
integrated waste management system
a complete waste reduction, collection, composting, recycling, and disposal system
72
mountain top removal
any method of surface coal mining that destroys a mountaintop or ridgeline, whether or not the mined area will be returned to what is legally described as the “approximate original contour.”
73
mountain top removal
any method of surface coal mining that destroys a mountaintop or ridgeline, whether or not the mined area will be returned to what is legally described as the “approximate original contour.”

APES Mid-Term (1 decks)

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