unit 1

Question 1

necessary condition

Answer 1

-a condition that must be present in order for some other condition to obtain
-to say that x is necessary for y is to say that if x were not present, y would not be present either

Question 2

sufficient condition

Answer 2

-a condition that suffices for some other condition to maintain
- to say that x is sufficient for y is to say that anytime x is present, y will thereby be present

Question 3

conceptual analysis

Answer 3

-a set of conditions that are individually necessary and jointly sufficient
-analysis of a concept

Question 4

counterexample to conceptual analysis

Answer 4

-a description of a situation showing either that (at least) one of the conditions is not necessary or that the conditions are not jointly sufficient

Question 5

arguments

Answer 5

any set of sentences in which one of the sentences is the conclusion and the rest are premises offered in support of the conclusion

Question 6

validity

Answer 6

an argument is valid if and only if it is necessary that if all of the premises are true, then the conclusion is true; if all the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true; it is impossible that all the premises are true and the conclusion is false.

Question 7

counterexample to the validity of an argument

Answer 7

a description of a situation showing that it it possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false