Unit 1 Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
What cell type has thin primary external cell walls?
A
Parenchyma
2
Q
What cell makes up the pith and the majority of the cortex?
A
Parenchyma
3
Q
What cell type has unevenly thickened external cell walls?
A
Collenchyma
4
Q
What cell supports parenchyma tissue?
A
Collenchyma
5
Q
What cells are often found underneath the epidermis in secondary growth eusteles?
A
Collenchyma
6
Q
What cell type has the thickest external cell walls?
A
Sclerenchyma
7
Q
What cells support the vascular bundles and are located above the phloem?
A
Sclerenchyma
8
Q
What 3 cell types are dead at maturity?
A
Sclerenchyma, Vessels, and Tracheids
9
Q
What plants have tracheids?
A
All vascular plants
10
Q
What are the holes that allow for horizontal water transport in tracheids and vessels called?
A
Pits
11
Q
What type of plants are vessels found in?
A
Angiosperms
12
Q
What vascular cell type transports water
A
Xylem
13
Q
What vascular cell type transports photosynthetic compounds (glucose)?
A
Phloem
14
Q
What cells are living at maturity, but rely on companion cells for nutrients?
A
Sieve elements
15
Q
What sieve element is found in gymnosperms?
A
Sieve cells
16
Q
What sieve element is found in angiosperms?
A
Sieve tubes
17
Q
What is the only non-living biological level?
A
Chemical
18
Q
What is the smallest functional unit of life?
A
Cell
19
Q
What cell type does not have a nucleus or organelles except for ribosomes?
A
Prokaryotic Cells
20
Q
What cell type has a nucleus and organelles?
A
Eukaryotic Cells
21
Q
Tissue
A
Group of cells that perform a certain function
22
Q
Organ
A
Structure composed of 2 or more tissues carrying out a specific function.
23
Q
Organ System
A
A group of organs that carry out a specific function.
24
Q
What is the smallest unit of evolution?
A
Population
25
What is the group of individuals part of a species in an ecosystem called?
Population
26
Communitiy
All the different species groups living in an environment.
27
Ecosystem
All species groups and non-living factors (wind, rain, weather, rocks) in an environment.
28
Biosphere
All environments on earth.
29
(4) Evidence for evolution
Fossils, Homologous characteristics (occur in many species groups) and Convergent evolution, Vestigial organs, and molecular relationships (Chloroplast DNA, cytochrome C)
30
Plant parts named from fossils individually before described as a species.
Form Fossil
31
(2) Markers in DNA that can help tell how closely related species are.
Chloroplast DNA, Cytochrome C.
32
Sharp thin modified leaves
Spines
33
Sharp thin modified branches
Thorns
34
Protrusions made of modified epidermal layer
Prickles
35
Trendrils
Used for support, can be derived from leaves or branches
36
Fluid Mosaic Model
The theory that the components in the membrane (phospholipids, proteins, sterols, and glycoprotein) move laterally across the membrane.
37
Hydrophobic components of the membrane oriented towards the center.
Membrane fatty acids
38
Fatty acid that does not have any double bonds, making it straight and pack tightly together.
Saturated fatty acids
39
Fatty acid that makes the bilayer less fluid
Saturated fatty acids
40
Fatty acid that has at least one double bond, making it bend and pack less tightly together.
Unsaturated fatty acids
41
Fatty acid that makes the bilayer more fluid
Unsaturated fatty acids
42
External Peripheral Proteins
Membrane proteins on the outside, exposed to the environment, and form receptors.
43
Internal Peripheral Proteins
Membrane proteins inside the bilayer, exposed to cytoplasm, and serve as enzyme reaction sites.
44
Integral Proteins
Membrane proteins connecting the two sides of the bilayer. Form channels and carriers, transport molecules across the membrane, and make the membrane selectively permeable.
45
Membrane components that maintain fluidity. Making it more fluid at colder temperatures and less fluid at hot temperatures.
Sterols
46
Glycocalyx
Protein receptors on the outside of the membrane
47
(4) Factors contributing to membrane permeability
Size of molecule, lipid solubility, charge on molecule, presence of specific membrane channels.
48
Site of ribosomal RNA production in nucleus
Nucleolus
49
Organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA, Histone proteins)
Nucleus
50
Site of protein synthesis in all cells
Ribosome
51
What proteins do ribosomes in the cytoplasm produce?
Immediately active proteins such as enzymes
52
What proteins do ribosomes attached to the rough ER produce?
Proteins that require modification like membrane proteins and organelle proteins
53
What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)?
Rough ER has ribosomes on the surface, while smooth ER has no ribosomes has Ca++ storage, and preforms lipis synthesis.
54
What organelle modifies, synthesizes, sorts, and packages materials in vesicles for intercellular transport?
Dictyosomes
55
What moves substances from organelle to organelle and to and from the cell membrane?
Transport Vesicles
56
What vesicle contains digestive enzymes?
Lysosomes
57
What vesicle stores catalase enzymes, converts H2O2 to H2O and O2?
Peroxisomes
58
What vesicle prevents free radical formation of H2O?
Peroxisomes
59
What vesicle is only found in plant seeds and contains enzymes that converts stored fat to sucrose?
Glyoxysomes
60
Primary site of ATP synthesis in the cell
Mitochondria
61
What organelle is double membrane bound with the outer membrane being smooth, and the inner membrane being highly folded (cristae)?
Mitochondria
62
What 2 organelles contain their own DNA and are thought to have formed by endosymbiosis?
Plastids including Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria
63
Protein network extending throughout the cytoplasm, maintains cell shape, supports organelles, and transports materials inside the cell
Cytoskeleton
64
What are the main 2 functions of the central vacuole?
Controls water pressure in the cell and contributes to an increase in cell size
65
Membrane of the central vacuole
Tonoplast
66
What is the liquid in the central vacuole called?
Cell Sap
67
What is cell sap made of?
Water with dissolved substances, ions, anthocyanins (red, blue, or purple pigments), alkaloids (toxic secondary compounds), and crystals.
68
Undifferentiated plastids
Proplastids
69
Chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis
70
Where is chlorophyll located in the chloroplast?
In the grana stacks, made up of thylakoids
71
What plastid contains pigments which overwhelm the green from chloroplasts?
Chromoplasts
72
What is the function of chromoplasts?
To attract animals for pollination and seed dispersal
73
What are chromoplasts formed from?
Chloroplasts
74
What is the least specialized plastid that synthesizes some lipids and stores iron
Leucoplasts
75
What plastid produces and stores starch?
Amyloplasts
76
What are the 3 functions of the cell wall?
To protect the cell from the environment, provide rigidity and shape to the cell, and prevents cell damage from increases in water pressure.
77
What is the main component of the cell wall?
Cellulose
78
How is cellulose organized?
Cellulose fibers make up microfibrils, which make up macrofibrils.
79
What forms between the primary external walls of 2 different cells, adhering them together?
Middle Lamella
80
What makes the middle lamella sticky?
Pectin
81
What is the outermost layer of the cell found in all plants?
Primary External Cell Wall
82
Secondary Cell Wall
Thickest layer, formed after cell is mature during secondary growth
83
Openings in the external cell wall
Pits
84
Cytoplasm strands that go through pits and connect cells
Plasmodesmata
85
When all cells are linked together by cytoplasm
Symplast
86
Materials move cell to cell throughout the plant body, and all cells effectively respond as one
Symplastic movement
87
Materials move through the plant body outside of cytoplasm and around cells in intercellular spaces
Apoplastic movement
88
Flowering plants
Angiosperms
89
Cone producing plants
Gymnosperms
90
What are the 5 parts of an angiosperm plant?
Root, stem, leaves, meristems, and flowers
91
Where do leaves, branches and flowers attach to the stem?
Node
92
What is the region in between nodes called?
Internode
93
Leaf Axil
The angle between the stem and a branch
94
Where do buds form?
In the leaf axil
95
Group of cells that perform a certain function
Tissue
96
Structure composed of 2 or more tissues carrying out a specific function.
Organ
97
A group of organs that carry out a specific function.
Organ System
98
Population
What is the group of individuals part of a species in an ecosystem called?
99
All the different species groups living in an environment.
Communitiy
100
All species groups and non-living factors (wind, rain, weather, rocks) in an environment.
Ecosystem
101
All environments on earth.
Biosphere
102
Form Fossil
Plant parts named from fossils individually before described as a species.
103
Chloroplast DNA, Cytochrome C.
(2) Markers in DNA that can help tell how closely related species are.
104
Spines
Sharp thin modified leaves
105
Thorns
Sharp thin modified branches
106
Prickles
Protrusions made of modified epidermal layer
107
Used for support, can be derived from leaves or branches
Trendrils
108
Membrane proteins on the outside, exposed to the environment, and form receptors.
External Peripheral Proteins
109
Membrane proteins inside the bilayer, exposed to cytoplasm, and serve as enzyme reaction sites.
Internal Peripheral Proteins
110
Membrane proteins connecting the two sides of the bilayer. Form channels and carriers, transport molecules across the membrane, and make the membrane selectively permeable.
Integral Proteins
111
Sterols
Membrane components that maintain fluidity. Making it more fluid at colder temperatures and less fluid at hot temperatures.
112
Protein receptors on the outside of the membrane
Glycocalyx
113
Nucleolus
Site of ribosomal RNA production in nucleus
114
Nucleus
Organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA, Histone proteins)
115
Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis in all cells
116
Mitochondria
Primary site of ATP synthesis in the cell
117
Cytoskeleton
Protein network extending throughout the cytoplasm, maintains cell shape, supports organelles, and transports materials inside the cell
118
Tonoplast
Membrane of the central vacuole
119
Proplastids
Undifferentiated plastids
120
Site of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
121
Primary External Cell Wall
What is the outermost layer of the cell found in all plants?
122
Thickest layer, formed after cell is mature during secondary growth
Secondary Cell Wall
123
Pits
Openings in the external cell wall
124
Plasmodesmata
Cytoplasm strands that go through pits and connect cells
125
Symplast
When all cells are linked together by cytoplasm
126
Symplastic movement
Materials move cell to cell throughout the plant body, and all cells effectively respond as one
127
Apoplastic movement
Materials move through the plant body outside of cytoplasm and around cells in intercellular spaces
128
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
129
Gymnosperms
Cone producing plants
130
The angle between the stem and a branch
Leaf Axil
131
What is the primary gas exchange organ in plants?
Leaves
132
Openings that can open and close, and control gas exchange, water in leaves, and leaf temperature
Stomata
133
Stomata
Openings that can open and close, and control gas exchange, water in leaves, and leaf temperature
134
What helps to prevent water loss in leaves
Cuticle
135
What is the waxy substance that covers the epidermis
Cuticle
136
What meristem is located on the end of branches, stems, and roots to lengthen the plant body?
Primary Apical Meristem
137
What meristem is located in the stem and increases the width of the plant body?
Lateral Meristem (Procambium)
138
What cambium is located inside the vascular bundles?
Fascicular Cambium
139
What cambium is located in between the vascular bundles in plants with some secondary growth?
Interfascicular Cambium
140
What did tracheids evolve from?
Sclerenchyma
141
What did vessels evolve from?
Tracheids
142
What are the end to end openings in vessels called?
Perforation plates
143
When do perforation plates form?
When the vessel deteriorates at maturity
144
What are the main cells in phloem?
Sieve elements
145
What xylem thickening is composed of rings?
Annular
146
What thickening is a spiral?
Helical
147
What thickening is composed of thin horizontal openings?
Scalariform
148
What thickening is net-like?
Reticulate
149
What thickening is composed of circular holes?
Foraminate (Pitted)
150
What thickening is composed of doughnut shaped rings?
circular bordered
151
What are the little hair-like extensions of the epidermis called?
Trichomes
152
What are some purposes of trichomes? (2)
Shade the leaf, contain defensive compounds to prevent walking on the leaf or chewing on the leaf.
153
Tuber
Underground storage stem (starch)
154
Bulb
Short stem with fleshy storage leaves, roots arise at the base of the stem.
155
Corm
Thick underground storage stem with papery leaves
156
Rhizome
Fleshy horizontal underground stem, helps plant spread laterally
157
Underground storage stem (starch)
Tuber
158
Short stem with fleshy storage leaves, roots arise at the base of the stem.
Bulb
159
Thick underground storage stem with papery leaves
Corm
160
Fleshy horizontal underground stem, helps plant spread laterally
Rhizome
161
Haplostele (extinct prostele)
Solid cylinder of xylem, no pith
162
Actinostele (prostele)
Solid xylem with ridges, no pith
163
Siphonostele
Ring of xylem with pith in the center
164
Eustele
Ring of vascular bundles
165
Atactostele
Scattered vascular bundles
166
Solid cylinder of xylem, no pith
Haplostele (extinct prostele)
167
Solid xylem with ridges, no pith
Actinostele (prostele)
168
Ring of xylem with pith in the center
Siphonostele
169
Ring of vascular bundles
Eustele
170
Scattered vascular bundles
Atactostele
