Unit 1

Question 1

focuses on how we learn based on associations, reinforcements, punishments, and observable responses and behavior

Answer 1

behavioral perspective

Question 2

a way of looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior

Answer 2

biological perspective

Question 3

an integrated approach to psychology that incorporates three different perspectives and types of analysis: biological, psychological, and social-cultural

Answer 3

biopsychosocial perspective

Question 4

a research design involving an in-depth and detailed examination of a single subject, or case, usually an individual or a small group

Answer 4

case study

Question 5

study abnormal behavior and mental processes and what causes them, and can offer treatment. evaluate how and why a treatment works

Answer 5

clinical psychologist

Question 6

operates on the belief that the brain is the most important aspect in relation to the way that an individual behaves or thinks

Answer 6

cognitive perspective

Question 7

a variable that the experimenter did not account for initially that affected the dependent variable

Answer 7

confounding variable

Question 8

must be included to serve as a baseline comparison in contrast to the experimental group

Answer 8

control group

Question 9

the relationship(positive or negative) between two variables

Answer 9

correlation

Question 10

a number (symbolized by r) between −1 and +1, which represents the strength and direction of the correlation between two variables

Answer 10

correlation coefficient

Question 11

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Answer 11

critical thinking

Question 12

when an experimenter tells the subject more information about the study’s purpose and procedures after the study is completed

Answer 12

debriefing

Question 13

the variable that measures the outcome of the experiment

Answer 13

dependent variable

Question 14

when neither the participant in the study nor the person giving the study know who is the control group and who is in the experimental group

Answer 14

double-blind procedure

Question 15

considers how the human race has managed to survive for this long and how it has managed to become better as time goes on

Answer 15

evolutionary perspective

Question 16

deliberately designed procedures used to test research hypotheses

Answer 16

experiment

Question 17

the group receiving or reacting to the independent variable in an experiment

Answer 17

experimental group

Question 18

an approach that emphasized the functions of the mind over its structures and focused on how aspects of consciousness allowed human beings to adapt to their environments

Answer 18

functionalism

Question 19

when you think you knew something all along after the outcome has occurred

Answer 19

hindsight bias

Question 20

a way of evaluating an individual as a whole, rather than looking at them only through a smaller aspect of their person

Answer 20

humanistic psychology

Question 21

a tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between two (or more) events or variables; a prediction that a certain outcome will result from specific conditions

Answer 21

hypothesis

Question 22

a phenomenon that psychologists must avoid during experimentation. when the person believes that a relationship exists between two variables when it does not.

Answer 22

illusory correlation

Question 23

the characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment

Answer 23

independent variable

Question 24

participants must be told and give their consent to the: purpose of research, procedures that will be used, risks or potential discomforts, and length of time involved

Answer 24

informed consent

Question 25

federally-mandated, locally-administered groups charged with evaluating risks and benefits of human participant research at their institution

Answer 25

institutional review board

Question 26

the arithmetical average calculated by dividing a sum of values by the total number of cases

Answer 26

mean

Question 27

the point that divides a set of scores in half

Answer 27

median

Question 28

the most frequently occurring score in the distribution

Answer 28

mode

Question 29

a research method, typically qualitative in nature and usually covert and undisclosed, that attempts to document behavior as it spontaneously occurs in a real-world setting

Answer 29

naturalistic observation

Question 30

nature: innate biological factors that influence development and personality. nurture: external and environmental factors, including learning, that influence development and personality which one affects us more??

Answer 30

nature vs nurture

Question 31

a term that is used to describe the procedure of a study and the research variables

Answer 31

operational definition

Question 32

when a group of people feel an effect of a drug when they have actually only ingested a placebo, which is often a sugar pill that has no effect

Answer 32

placebo effect

Question 33

all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample

Answer 33

population

Question 34

a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders provides more for mental illness than psychologists

Answer 34

psychaitrist

Question 35

personality theory that explains behaviors by looking at unconscious drives and feelings

Answer 35

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

Question 36

a method of assigning participants to conditions such that each participant has an equal chance of being placed into experimental groups

Answer 36

random assignment

Question 37

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Answer 37

random sample

Question 38

the lowest score subtracted from the higher score

Answer 38

range

Question 39

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Answer 39

replication

Question 40

a graph of the relationship between 2 measured variables where one variable is arrayed on each axis and a dot is placed at each point where the values of the variables intersect

Answer 40

scatterplot

Question 41

considers the way that different individuals interact with their social groups and how these social groups influence different individuals and how they develop throughout their lives

Answer 41

socio-cultural perspective

Question 42

structure is more important than function. the mind must be broken into elements to understand the brain and its functions. with the use of introspection

Answer 42

structuralism

Question 43

a mostly quantitative research method involving a list of questions filled out by a group of people to assess attitudes or opinions

Answer 43

survey

Question 44

the population that a study is intended to research and to which generalizations from samples are to be made

Answer 44

target population

Question 45

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

Answer 45

theory

Question 46

combined physiology and philosophy to create psychology and established the first psychology lab in Germany - believed in introspection and structuralism

Answer 46

william wundt

Question 47

a psychologist who had a firm belief in the philosophy of pragmatism, the belief that only practical matters should be pursued, if something is not going to further progress it should be abandoned as frivolous

Answer 47

william james

Question 48

the founder of structuralism, a school of thought that considered that thoughts were conformed by basic elements such as sensations

Answer 48

edward titchner

Question 49

a pioneering American psychologist, the first president of the American Psychological Association, his interests focused on childhood development and evolutionary theory

Answer 49

stanley g hall