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AP Human Geo > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Reference Maps

A

A map helps us to find the shortest route between two places and to avoid getting lost along the way. The maps in an atlas or a smartphone app are especially useful for this purpose.

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2
Q

Thematic Map

A

A map is often the best means for depicting the distribution of human activities or physical features, as well as for thinking about reasons underlying a distribution.

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3
Q

What’s a Map

A

A scale model of the real world, made small enough to work with on a desk or computer.

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4
Q

What’s a map maker called?

A

Cartographer

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5
Q

Choropleth Maps

A

Displays data by using different colors or shades of colors. Each color or shade shows a different quantity of data

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6
Q

Dot Maps

A

Shows data by placing points on a map where the data is occurring. Shows spatial situation of data

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7
Q

Graduated Symbol Maps

A

A graduated symbol map also know as a proportional symbol map is a type of thematic map that uses map symbols that vary in size to represent a quantitative variable. Typically, the size of each symbol is calculated so that its area is mathematically proportional to the variable.

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8
Q

Isoline Maps

A

Use lines to connect different areas that have similar or equal amounts of data
Weather map (shows areas with similar temperatures)

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9
Q

Cartogram Maps

A

Shows data in a dynamic way
The greatest value represented by the largest area

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10
Q

Time-distance Decay

A

Time-distance Decay is a geographical term which describes the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. The distance decay effect states that the interaction between two locales declines as the distance between them increases. Once the distance is outside of the two locales’ activity space, their interactions begin to decrease.

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11
Q

Map Projections

A

The shape of an area can be distorted, so that it appears more elongated or squat than it is in reality.

The distance between two points may become increased or decreased.

The relative size of different areas may be altered, so that one area may appear larger than another on a map while it is in reality smaller.

The direction from one place to another can be distorted.

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12
Q

Geospatial technologies

A

GIS, Satellite Navigation, and GPS
Allow businesses, people governments, and organizations to locate places and visualize geographic data

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13
Q

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A

Computer system that can collect, analyze, and display geographic data
Captures, stores, queries, and displays the geographic data.
It produces maps that are more accurate and attractive than those drawn by hand.

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14
Q

Remote Sensing

A

The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a Satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods.

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15
Q

Online Mapping and Visualization

A

The compilation and publication of Web sites that provide exhaustive graphical and text information in the form of maps and databases. Online mapping services are used for tasks such as planning trips, determining geographical positions, finding landmarks and businesses, obtaining addresses and phone numbers, and plotting storm tracks

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16
Q

Satellite Navigation System

A

Sat Nav provides geo-spatial positioning
Specific location on or above the earth in 3 dimensions
Locate latitude, longitude, altitude, velocity, and time information

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17
Q

Census Data

A

Censuses can be conducted at various levels, ranging from national censuses that cover an entire country to regional or local censuses that focus on specific areas or communities. The data collected through a census is often used for statistical analysis, research, and the development of public policies. It is an essential tool for governments, businesses, researchers, and policymakers to make informed decisions and address the needs of the population.

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18
Q

What are geographers interested in?

A

Exploring why phenomena are found where they are

Looking a how actions at one point on earth can affect conditions elsewhere

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19
Q

Place: A Unique Location

A

A feature’s place on Earth by identifying its location, the position that something occupies on Earth’s surface. In doing so, they consider three ways to identify location: place name, site, and situation.

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20
Q

Place Names

A

Because all inhabited places on Earth’s surface—and many uninhabited places—have been named, the most straightforward way to describe a particular location is often by referring to its place name. A toponym is the name given to a place on Earth.

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21
Q

Site

A

The second way that geographers describe the location of a place is by site, which is the physical character of a place. Important site characteristics include climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation. The combination of physical features gives each place a distinctive character.

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22
Q

Situation

A

Situation is the location of a place relative to other places. Situation is a valuable way to indicate location, for two reasons:

Finding an unfamiliar place. Situation helps us find an unfamiliar place by comparing its location with a familiar one.

Understanding the importance of a place. Situation helps us understand the importance of a location. Many locations are important because they are accessible to other places.

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23
Q

Resource

A

a substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use.

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24
Q

Sustainability

A

the use of Earth’s resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future.

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25
Q

renewable resource

A

produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans.

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26
Q

A nonrenewable resource

A

produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans.

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27
Q

Three Pillars of Sustainability

A

Environmental Pillar

Society Pillar

Economic Pillar

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28
Q

Environmental Pillar

A

The sustainable use and management of Earth’s natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine, and recreation is conservation.

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29
Q

Society Pillar

A

Humans need shelter, food, and clothing to survive, so they make use of resources to meet these needs.

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30
Q

Economic Pillar

A

Natural resources acquire a monetary value through exchange in a marketplace

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31
Q

Sustainability’s Critics

A

Some environmentally oriented critics have argued that it is too late to discuss sustainability. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF), for example, claims that the world surpassed its sustainable level around 1980.

Others criticize sustainability from the opposite perspective: Human activities have not exceeded Earth’s capacity, they argue, because resource availability has no maximum, and Earth’s resources have no absolute limit because the definition of resources changes drastically and unpredictably over time.

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32
Q

Cultural ecology

A

The geographic study of human–environment relationships

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33
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

Physical environment caused social development

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34
Q

Possiblism

A

To explain the relationships between human activities and the physical environment
The physical environment may limit some human actions but people have the ability to adjust to their environment

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35
Q

Globalization

A

free trade, transportaion and communication equals a growing economy

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36
Q

scale

A

the relationship between an area of the earth that is being studied and the earth as a whole. The current coronavirus pandemic offers a powerful opportunity to study a global phenomenon at a variety of scales. Geographers conduct geographic analysis on the local, regional and global scales and are increasingly interested in the tensions that exist between scales. Understanding these differences can provide insight into how humans interact with the environment, institutions and each other

37
Q

Whatare the three types of regions?

A

The “sense of place” that humans possess may apply to a larger area of Earth rather than to a specific point. Region was defined at the beginning of the chapter as an area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics. Geographers identify three types of regions: formal, functional, and vernacular.

38
Q

Formal Regions

A

A formal region, also called a uniform region, is an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.

39
Q

Functional Region

A

A functional region, also called a nodal region, is an area organized around a node or focal point. The characteristic chosen to define a functional region dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward. The region is tied to the central point by transportation or communications systems or by economic or functional associations.

40
Q

Vernacular Region

A

A vernacular region, or perceptual region, is an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. Such regions emerge from people’s informal sense of place rather than from scientific models developed through geographic thought.

41
Q

Culture: What People Take Care Of

A

The second element of culture of interest to geographers is production of material wealth—the food, clothing, and shelter that humans need in order to survive and thrive. All people consume food, wear clothing, build shelter, and create art, but different cultural groups obtain their wealth in different ways.

Geographers divide the world into regions of developed countries and regions of developing countries. Various shared characteristics—such as per capita income, level of education, and life expectancy—distinguish developed regions and developing regions. These differences are reviewed.

42
Q

Culture Regions

A

Geographers distinguish groups of people according to important cultural characteristics, describe where particular cultural groups are distributed, and offer reasons to explain the observed distribution.

43
Q

Space

A

The physical gap or interval between two objects.
Geographers observe that many objects are distributed across space in a regular manner, for discernible reasons.

44
Q

Connection

A

Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
Geographers are concerned with the various means by which connections occur.

45
Q

Interrupted Map

A

Tries to remove distortion by removing parts of the globe

46
Q

Uninterrupted Map

A

A map that displays the entirety of the Earth’s surface

47
Q

Mercator

A

Excellent for showing accurate direction
Distortion in size and land masses
The map gives the illusion that Greenland is Larger than Africa

48
Q

Goode Homolosine

A

Equal areas
Shows true size in land masses
Has distortion in distances near edges of the map
Interrupted map

49
Q

Robinson

A

Distortion near the poles helps preserve the size and shape of land masses
In an attempt to minimize distortion, it spreads distortion out across the entire map

50
Q

Gall - Peters Projection

A

More accurate map projection
Shows the true size of earth’s land masses
Has distortion with the shape of land masses and direction

51
Q

Absolute Direction

A

The exact direction you are headed
Ex. South 180 degrees

52
Q

Relative Direction

A

The direction is given in relation to another object’s current location
Ex. North of Southridge school

53
Q

Absolute Distance

A

The exact distance between two objects or places
Measured in miles or kilometers

54
Q

Relative Distance

A

The approximate measurement between two places

55
Q

Clustered

A

Objects in an area are close together with little to no space between them

56
Q

Dispersed

A

Objects in an area are spread out with ample space between them

57
Q

Topographical maps

A

A map that uses contour lines to display the terrain and elevation changes in an area
The closer the lines are together the steeper the terrain is.

58
Q

Flow Line

A

Shows the movement of different goods, people, animals, services, or ideas between different places

59
Q

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth.

60
Q

Field Observations

A

Having people visit places in the world and record first-hand observations
Good for getting accurate data
Can be costly

61
Q

Personal Interviews

A

Geographers can learn about a place and collect individuals’ unique perspectives by asking different questions to gain insight

62
Q

Media Reports

A

Better understand what people in an area are experiencing and what is happening to that area

63
Q

Government Documents

A

Laws that are put in place in an area show cultural values
Provides insight into different systems put in place

64
Q

Landscape Analysis

A

Geographers better understand changes to an area
Look at wildlife

65
Q

Photo Analysis

A

The process of studying and analyzing photographs, images, and other visual representations of an area

66
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Information that is often in word form and is up for interpretation, debate, and discussion. Oftentimes, this data is observed, witnessed, or described and is not measurable.

67
Q

Quantitative Data

A

is objective data that is collected, often in numerical form, and is not up for debate

68
Q

Local Scale

A

a specific place with unique physical features such as climate, topography, and vegetation.

69
Q

Regional Scale

A

vary considerably in size. They are generally larger than one place, such as a town or city, and may include several towns or multiple states or provinces.

70
Q

National Scale

A

A map of the world showing population data by country, with clearly defined political boundaries for each country

71
Q

Global Scale

A

geographers identify broad patterns encompassing the entire world

72
Q

Spatial Association

A

the relationship between different objects in an area

73
Q

Concentration

A

how objects and items are spread out in an area

73
Q

Density

A

The number of people or objects in that area

74
Q

Patterns

A

The arrangement of different objects in an area

75
Q

Flow

A

The movement of people, ideas, goods and services from one place to another.

76
Q

Location

A

A feature’s place on Earth by identifying the position that something occupies on Earth’s surface.

77
Q

Toponym

A

The name given to a place on Earth.

78
Q

Culture regions

A

Culture: Body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms
Latin Cultus: To care for

79
Q

Ratio

A

Shows the numerical ratio between distances on the map and Earth’s Surface. The unit on the left refers to the distance on the map. The number on the right side refers to the same unit of distance on Earth’s surface.

80
Q

Written

A

Describes the relationship between the map and Earth in words.

81
Q

Graphic

A

Usually consists of a bar line marked to show distance on Earth’s surface.

82
Q

Census Data

A

Censuses can be conducted at various levels, ranging from national censuses that cover an entire country to regional or local censuses that focus on specific areas or communities. The data collected through a census is often used for statistical analysis, research, and the development of public policies. It is an essential tool for governments, businesses, researchers, and policymakers to make informed decisions and address the needs of the population.

83
Q

Difference between site and situation:

A

In summary, while “site” looks at the specific physical and cultural attributes of a location, “situation” considers the broader context, including the location’s relationships with other places and its connectivity within a larger geographical framework.

84
Q

Difference between qualitative and quantitative data:

A

Geographic data can be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative data is descriptive information and tends to be more subjective. Quantitative data is numerical information that can be easily transformed into statistics and tends to be more objective.

85
Q

Difference between absolute and relative location:

A

In summary, while absolute location provides specific coordinates or an address for a place, relative location describes a place in relation to its surroundings or other features.

86
Q

Difference between functional, formal, and vernacular regions:

A

A formal region is an area within which everyone shares distinctive characteristics. A functional region is an area organized around a node. A vernacular region is an area that people believe exists.

87
Q

Difference between scale and scale of analysis

A

Scale in geography involves the representation of distances on a map, while the scale of analysis involves choosing the appropriate level of detail or spatial extent for studying geographic phenomena. The two concepts are interconnected but represent different aspects of geographic research and mapping.

AP Human Geo (8 decks)

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