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unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Movement of c molecules between sources and sinks (CO2, glucose, CH4)
Some steps are quick (burning fossil fuels), some are slow (sedimentation and burial and making of fossil fuels)
Leads to imbalance

A

carbon cycle

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2
Q

carbon resovoir

A

atmosphere
Atmosphere is a key C reservoir
Increase in C leads to increase in temp (global warming)

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3
Q

a C reservoir that stores more C than it releases

A

c sink
example: Ocean (algae and sediments) and plants and soil (terrestrial and marine)

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4
Q

what is a c source

A

C source–add C to the atmosphere
Fossil Fuel combustion
Animal agriculture (cow burps and farts release methane CH4)
Deforestation

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5
Q

which process has a c source and c sink

A

Photosynthesis (results in C sink); Respiration (CO2 source)
Both happen quickly; no net increase because they cyle very quickly

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6
Q

ocean and atmosphere in c cycle

A

Direct Exchange
CO2 directly between atmosphere and water surface
Quickly and balanced
As CO2 levels increase in water→ ACIDIFICATION of ocean **Bad for coral reefs and other marine organisms
Algae and phytoplankton–take CO2 out of ocean and atmosphere (photosynthesis)
Coral Reefs and organisms with shells–take CO2 out of ocean for their shells (Calcium Carbonate Exoskeleton)
Sedimentation–marine organisms die, bodies sink to ocean floor, broken into sediments that contain C
Burial–buried become stone (Limestone and Sandstone); long-form reservoir

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7
Q

Burial–Rocks and fossil fuels: ferns (coal) and algae and plankton (oil)

A

slow carbon cycle

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8
Q

CO2 levels increase in water **Bad for coral reefs and other marine organisms

A

ACIDIFICATION of ocean

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9
Q

marine organisms die, bodies sink to ocean floor, broken into sediments that contain Carbon

A

sedimentation

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10
Q

buried become stone (Limestone and Sandstone); long-form reservoir

A

burial

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11
Q

Movement of Nitrogen between sources and sinks/reservoirs
Sources release Nitrogen, sinks take Nitrogen out of the atmosphere; reservoirs in cycle MUCH shorter than in C cycle
Examples: soil, plants, animals

A

nitrogen cycle

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12
Q

Converted to USABLE forms by lightning, industrial activities, and BACTERIA in soil and ***those w mutualistic relationship with legumes (peas, beans, lentils)

A

Biggest sink–ATMOSPHERE (as N2)-

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13
Q

nitrogen fixation, lightning/baceteria, synthetic assimilation,ammonification,nitrification, dentrification

A

what is nitrogen a key limiting nutrient for/how?

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14
Q

N2 (gas)–> NH3 (ammonia) or NO3 (nitrate)
How? Lightning OR bacteria **that live in soil OR associated with legumes
Synthetic: human combustion of Fossil Fuels N2 → NO3 **Synthetic fertilizer (MiracleGro)—-VERY energy intensivenitrogen fixation

A

nitrogen fixation

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15
Q

N becomes part of body (plants soak it up through roots, animals eat)

A

assimilation

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16
Q

Soil bacteria, microbes, decomposer convert WASTE AND DEAD BIOMASS→ NH3 (in soil)

A

ammonification

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17
Q

bacteria NH4→NO2→NO3

A

nitrification

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18
Q

bacteria: No3→NxO (gas) back to atmosphere

A

dentrification

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19
Q

N2O is a green house gas
Produced by agricultural soils (esp. When waterlogged, overwatered), Ammonia volatiization, Leaching and Eutrophication

A

human impact of the nitrogen cycle

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20
Q

Too much NH3 so it goes into atmosphere; results in ACID RAIN, irritates human and other animal respiratory system; less N for plants to grow

A

ammonia volatization

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21
Q

Leaching of NO3 into water, causes overgrowth of algae; blocks sunlight; decomposition of algae leads to decreased oxygen in the lake/pond, major death

A

leaching and eutrophication (overabundance)

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22
Q

P moves between sinks and sources
Rocks are the sinks
P cycle is VERY SLOW–Released very slowly through weathering; no gaseous form of P
Because it is so slow, it is a limiting nutrient for plant growth
Needed for DNA, ATP, and bones and enamel in animals

A

phosphorous cycle

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23
Q

Because it is so slow, it is a limiting nutrient for PLANT GROWTH
****Needed for DNA, ATP, and bones and enamel in animals

A

what is the phosphorous cycle a limiting nutrient in?

24
Q
  • Natural: ROCKS–wind and rain break down rock into phosphate (PO4-3) which is released and dissolved in water; rain water carries phosphates to soil and bodies of water,
  • Synthetic: Detergents, cleaners, and fertilizers, Assimilation (Just like N cycle, taken up by plants; animals eat)
    P does not dissolve–much of it forms solid bits that fall to the bottom of water as sediment (sedimentation)–become rocks
    -Geological uplift
    -Major cause of eutrophication
A

sources of phosphorous cycle

25
Q

occurs when tectonic plates collide rock layers move up (form mountains), weathering continues to return P to soil

A

Geological uplift

26
Q

Movement of water (in different states) between sources and reservoirs
ENERGY from the SUN drives the water cycle
Precipitation–gas→ liquid
Largest Reservoir=ocean
When precipitation occurs (gas→liquid), water either runoff (goes to bodies of water, recharges lakes and ponds; often carries pollution) OR infiltrates into the ground (groundwater; underground aquifers–good source of fresh water; think wells); only occurs if the ground is permeable
LOTS of connections to other cycles

A

hydrological cycle

27
Q

Largest Reservoir=ocean
Important reservoirs for humans and other animals=ice caps and groundwater

A

hyrological cycle resovoirs

28
Q

-movement of water driven by SUN
Sum of water that leaves due to evaporation and transpiration

A

evapotranspiration

29
Q

water leaves through the stomata–pulls water upward

A

transpiration

30
Q

Production

A

creation of new organic material

31
Q
  • living mass of an organism or organisms but sometimes refers to dry mass
    -The rate of growth or biomass increase in plants and animals; measured per unit area per unit time
A

biomass

32
Q

gpp

A

measure of the total amount of solar energy that the producers in the system campture via photosynthesis over time

33
Q

Takes into account the amount of energy required for respiration
NPP= GPP-R (GPP is always larger than NPP)

A

npp

34
Q

measure the rate of photosynthesis
1) measure the co2 used
Measure the o2 produced
Estimates GPP(total “fixed: energy)
or
Measure the rate of formation of new plant matter
Final plant biomass minus initial
Estimates NPP
**Respiration is the reverse process of photosynthesis (co2 and h20 products)

A

-measuring primary production

35
Q

keystone species

A

A species that plays an important role in allowing the rest of the ecosystem to function.
If you remove an organism from a ecosystem, the ecosystem will collapse.

36
Q

10% rule

A

As you go up, the food chain. 90% is lost and 10% goes up.
-On average only 10% of the energy from a lower level makes it to the level above.

37
Q

In an oceanic environment, the photic zone is the zone where light can be received, it’s usually from 0 to 200 m deep, but this depth can be modified by the turbidity of the water. The aphotic zone is the zone where no light is received, it goes from 200 to the bottom of the sea.

A
38
Q
  • varying turbidity
  • 6.5-8.2 pH
  • low mineral hardness
  • no salinity
  • varied temp/location
  • varied DO levels
A

streams and rivers

39
Q

-neutral pH
- varying turbidity
- low hardness mineral content
- no salinity
- varied temp/location
- varying DO levels

A

freshwater and wetlands

40
Q
  • 8 pH
  • varying turbidity
  • very high mineral hardness
  • 2.5-5.0 ppt salinity (brackish)
  • varying temp and location
  • high DO levels
A

estuaries/salt marshes

41
Q
  • 8 pH
  • varying turbidity
  • very high mineral hardness
  • brackish
  • tropical location/temp
  • ## very high DO levels
A

mangrove swamps

42
Q

-8pH
- varying turbidity
- very high mineral hardness
- high salinity
- located where ocean meets the shore (ever and evermore)
- varying productivity (DO levels)

A

intertidal zones

43
Q
  • 8 pH
  • varying turbidity
  • very high mineral hardness
  • 35 ppt (?) high salinity
  • located in tropical regions
  • high DO levels
A

coral reefs

44
Q
  • 8 pH
  • varying turbidity
  • very high mineral content
  • high salinity
  • varying temp and location
  • not a lot of productivity
A

photic zone (open ocean)

45
Q
  • 7.8 pH
  • varying turbidity
  • very high mineral hardness
  • high salinity
  • varying location and temp
  • least amount of productivity
A

aphotic zone (open ocean)

46
Q

6-8 pH
- varying turbifity
- no salinity
- varying temp and location
- varying productivity

A

lakes and ponds

47
Q
  • location: canada, russia
  • animals store extra fat and hibernate
  • 10-40 mm rain (not a lot)
  • temp can be cold (30) to very hot (110)
  • cold forests
A

taiga

48
Q
  • found in the regions just below the ice caps of the Arctic, extending across North America, to Europe, and Siberia in Asia.found in the regions just below the ice caps of the Arctic, extending across North America, to Europe, and Siberia in Asia.
  • both migratory animals and ones that stay like caribou
  • low growing lichens,
    mosses, and grasses
    adapted to drought
    and cold.
    -Average
    precipitation is 25
    cm/year and average
    temperature is -12℃.
A

tundra

49
Q
  • located near the equator
  • Precipitation 55-310 mm and consistent climate of 27 degrees celsius (very warm and rainy)
    -sunlight is a limiting factor
    -Lianas: vines reach towards sunlight and grow in the canopy (other plants near the ground are covered by tall trees)
  • taller and thinner tree trunks to reach sunlight and outcompete others
    Ephiphytes: plants depending on nutrients from air and water (not soil)since they live in canopy
    Animal camoflage, poison, nocturnal/diurnal
A

tropical rainforest

50
Q
  • Above or below tropic of capricorn and cancer
    (not around equator because there are seasons)
  • High precipitation during colder months and low during warming months
    Varying seasons
    Precipitation from 100-500
    adaptations include: Camouflage
    -migration, Hibernation, Broad leaves (capture max sunlight) , Epiphytic growth (adapted to grow on trees allowing them to access light and moisture without competing for space) and Seed dispersal
A

temperate rainforest

51
Q

-Equal distance from the equator on both sides
- cold in the winter/hot in the summer (seasonal)
may/june highest rainfall and january/feb lowest rainfall 3-13 cm on precipitation
-adaptations: Nitrogen, Water
- adaptations: Plants: thick roots to help survive in the winter
Deciduous trees
Small Animals dig holes to escape predators and have pouches in their mouths to store food
Large animals use camoflage

A

temperate grassland

52
Q
  • found in australia,south america, africa (near equator so non-seasonal)
  • “wet-dry” tropical climate
  • wet season around september where precipitation increases up to 300 mm (average amount of rain but much more during wet season)
  • sunlight and water limiting factors
  • plants have developed strong root systems to survive during arid climates and fires and many animals over time developed longer and swifter limbs to be able to migrate during drought seasons for food and water, such as antelope
A

savannah

53
Q
  • located in central america, south america, a bit of australia, africa, india, and southeast asia
  • located near the equator so temperatures don’t really change but very hot
  • rainy/dry season (dry season includes months of june-novemberish)
  • plant adaptations: drip tips – pointy tips of leaves help excess water to easily runoff as to not damage the leaves and buttress roots – large roots above the forest floor to support the trees. Animal adaptations like camouflage – makes it more difficult for predators/prey to see the animal and attack it.
A

tropical seasonal forest

54
Q

-the temperatures are warm and dry year-round
-can be found in North America, Central America, South America, southern Asia, Africa, and Australia
-water and sunlight as limiting factors also soil isn’t very nutrient- rich
- adaptations: nocturnal/diurnal
- Leaves and stems of many desert plants have a thick, waxy covering, keeping the plants cooler and reducing evaporative loss

A

hot desert

55
Q
  • located in North America, South America, Africa, Australia, and Europe
  • The summers are hot and dry, and the
    winters are cold and moist.
    20-62 mm of precipitation
  • lack of moisture (in the soil)
  • plant adaptations: heavy seed production, lignotubers, and fire-induced germination
  • ## The animals are also adapted to surviving by being agile, slim and light weight.
A

shrubland/woodland

56
Q

EXTRACTION and COMBUSTION
LOTS of CO2 in atmosphere

A

fast carbon cycle

apes (10 decks)

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