UNIT 1 Flashcards by morgan blenden

define chemistry

the study of interactions of matter with other matter & with energy

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define matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

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define physical properties

characteristics of matter that describe matter as it exists, phase (or state) of matter
ex: density, color, melting

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define physical change

occurs when a sample of matter changes one or more of its physical properties, does NOT affect the chemical composition of matter
- formation of a mixture

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define chemical change

formation of a compound

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define element

simplest type of chemical substance, cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances by ordinary chemical means

ex: iron nail

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compound

a combination of 1 or more element

ex: water (H20)

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mixtures

physical combination of more than 1 substance that aren’t chemically joined
ex: salt water

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define heterogeneous mixture

composed of 2 or more substances, not evenly distributed

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define homogenous/solution

combination of 2 or more substances evenly mixed

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define metal

element that conducts electricity and heat well; to the left of the metalloid line

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characteristics of a metal

solid at room temp
shiny/lustrous
ductile: can be drawn into wires
malleable: can be beaten in thin sheet
conduct heat and electricity
high densities & melting point
lose electrons & form positive ions

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define nonmental

an element that is brittle when solid, does NOT conduct electricity or heat very well; to the right of metalloid line

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characteristics of a nonmetal

low melting & boiling point
brittle, dull
insulating (cannot conduct electricity)
gain electrons and form negative ions

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characteristics of metalloids

semi malleable/ductile
semi-lustrous
semiconductors
on the metalloid line

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define scientific theory

a model used to explain how or why a phenomenon occurs

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define scientific law

a specific statement that is thought to never be violated by the entire natural universe

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characteristics of a gas

no definite shape/volume
particles move in random motion with little or no attraction to each other
highly compressible
MOST chaotic

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characteristics of a liquid

no definite shape
definite volume
particles are free to move over each other but still attracted to each other

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characteristics of a solid

definite shape/volume
particles vibrate around fixed axes
least chaotic

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Convert 8.025 × 10⁻⁸

.00000008025

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Convert: 6.924 x 106

6,924,000

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Convert to Scientific Notation: 156.0

1.56 x 10-2

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Convert to Scientific Notation:

4.8 x 10-4

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How many meters are in 57 millimeters

.057m

Convert 70 miles per hour into meters per second.

112653.8 meters/ 1 hour

define density

Ratio of substance’s mass to its volume

A cork stopper from a bottle of wine has a mass of 3.78 g. If the density of cork is 0.22 g/cm3, what is the volume of the cork?

17.2 cm3

What is the volume of 3.78 g of gold?

0.196 cm3

define an atom

smallest piece of an element that maintains the identity of that element

define an electron

particle with a negative charge, represented as e- - Location in atom: electron cloud - Determines: ionic charge

define a proton

more massive (but still tiny) particle with a positive charge, represented as p + - Location in atom: nucleus - Determines: atomic number

define a neutron

subatomic particle, same mass as a proton, no charge, represented as n or n0 -Location in atom: nucleus -Determines: mass number -Most MASSIVE subatomic particle

define an isotope

Atoms of the same element (same # of protons) with different numbers of neutrons

How do you know how many isotopes an element has?

Atomic number =

number of protons

Element mass # =

of protons + # of neutrons

Element Charge =

of protons - # of electrons

What are the diatomic elements?

H2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

What are the greek numerical prefixes?

mon (o) - 1 di - 2 tri - 4 tetr(a) - 4 pent (a) - 5 hex (a) - 6 hepta (a) - 7 oct (a) - 8 non(a) - 9 dec(a) - 10

define a chemical bond

the connection between 2 atoms in a molecule

define covalent bonding

a compound containing only nonmetals & nonmetals

define an ionic bond

compound containing both metals & nonmetals

Conversion for Celesius to Kelvin

K = C + 273

Conversion for Celsius to Fahrenheit

F = 1.8(C) + 32

Conversion Fahrenheit to Celsius

C = (F-32)/1.8

Which is the lowest temperature? a. -10 C b. -15 F c. 260 K

b. -15 F

A piece of metal ore weighs 9.25 g. When a student places it into a graduated cylinder containing water, the liquid level rises from 21.25 mL to 26.47 mL. What is the density of the ore? A) 2.86 g/mL B) 1.77 g/mL C) 0.349 g/mL D) 0.564 g/mL

B) 1.77 g/mL

Convert the boiling temperature of gold, 2966 degrees Celcius, into degrees Fahrenheit and Kelvin.

5371 degrees Fahrenheit 3239 Kelvin

Convert the boiling temperature of liquid ammonia, -28.1 degrees Fahrenheit,into Celsius and Kelvin

-33.4 degrees Celsius 239.8 K

Rules for Pink Naming

- First element in formula is nonmetal/metalloid - ONLY for MOLECULES - No ions (polyatomic ions) - Use Prefixes - No swap and drop

What are the numeral prefixes?

mono - 1 di - 2 tri -3 tetr(a) - 4 pent(a) - 5 hex(a) - 6 hept(a) - 7 oct(a) - 8 non(a) - 9 dec(a) - 10 -leave the a off if followed by an "o" or "a"

What are the Roman Numerals?

1 = I 2 = II 3 = III 4 = IV 5 = V 6 = VI 7 = VII 8 = VIII 9 = IX 10 = X

Name: N2O4

dinitrogen tetroxide

What do ALL compounds names have in common?

- The end of the second element's name is changed to "ide" - We don't do this if the second ion is a polyatomic

Name: CIF3

dinitrogen tetroxide

Name: carbon tetrachloride

CCL4 carbon = C1 tetrachloride = Cl4

Name: diphosphorus pentoxide

P2O5 diphosphorus = P2 pentoxide = O5

What are the rules for Orange Naming?

- First element in formula is monovalent metal, or 1st is ammonium - Metal/amionium + nonmetaln or metal/ammonium + polyatomic ion - Ionic compounds NOT molescules - NO prefixes or roman nummerals - Reduce & Swap + Drop

Name: Al2Se3

aluminum selenide

Name: K3(PO4)

potassium phosphate

Name: Mg3P2

magnesium phosphide

Name: SrCl2

strontium chloride

Name: Ammonium Chloride

NH4Cl or (NH4)Cl

Name: silver oxide

Ag2O

Name: Rubidium Sulfide

Rb2S

Name: Aluminum Nitride

AIN

What are the rules for Green Naming?

- First element is a multivalent metal - metal + nonmetal or metal + polyatomic ion - Ionic compounds

Steps to Green Naming

1. First element is green 2. Break the compound into cation and anion (determine charge of both) 3. Determine names, change end to "-ide" 4. Use a roman numeral in parentheses to indicate the ionic change of the cation

Name: Cr(PO4)2

chromium(VI) phosphate

Name: SnBr4

tin (IV) bromide

Name: cobalt(II) carbonate

CoCO3

Name: lead (II) arsenide

Pb3As2

Name: copper (II) acetate

Cu(C2H3O2)2

define atomic mass

protons + neutrons in the nucleus ex: carbon- 12 - mass listed on periodic table

Molar mass =

Sum of the masses of atoms in a molecule N2O3 = 76.02

Define an Ion

electrons move from one atom to another & species with overall electrical charges are formed Ex: Fe2+

Ionic charge: Ca

Ionic charge: Al

How do you write ionic formulas?

- the total positive charge must balance the total negative charge - has a cation (+) and anion (-) - cation is first, anion 2nd - swap and drop charges, reduce

Ionic formula: Na and Cl

NaCl

Ionic formula: Mg and Cl

MgCl2

Rules for writing polyatomic ion compounds

- only ammonium is a cation, the rest are anions

Name: NH4+ & S2-

Ammonium sulfide

Name: Al3+ & PO4 3-

Aluminum phosphate