Unit 1

Question 1

noun

a young person who is developing into an adult

Answer 1

adolescent

/ædal’esant/

He looked uncomfortable, like a self-conscious adolescent who’s gone to the wrong party.

Question 2

noun

a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behaviour

Answer 2

trait

/treit/

“There are traits that are found in most dictators in the world.”

Question 3

Adjective

feeling worried about something that you are going to do or that is going to happen:

Answer 3

apprehensive

/æpri’hensiv/

I’m very apprehensive about tomorrow’s meeting.

I’ve invited a lot of people to the party, but I’m a little apprehensive that no one will come.

Question 4

Adjective

Someone who behaves confidently and is not frightened to say what they want or believe:

C2

Answer 4

assertive

/ǝ’s3:tiv/

If you really want the promotion, you’ll have to be more assertive.

Question 5

Adjective

1. A …… person often has accidents because they do not behave in a careful, controlled way.
2. awkward in movement or manner

C2

Answer 5

clumsy

/’klamzi/

1. That’s the third glass you’ve smashed this week - you’re so clumsy!
2. The first mobile phones were heavy and clumsy to use, but nowadays they are much easier to handle.

Question 6

Adjective . disapproving

Believing that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere

C2

Answer 6

cynical

/’sınıkǝl/

She has a pretty cynical view of men.

I’ve always been deeply cynical about politicians.

Question 7

Adjective

Considering yourself to be better or more important than other people

Answer 7

egotistical

also egotistic

/,i:gau’tistikal/

He has a rather cocky and egotistical personality.

Question 8

Adjective

Easily deceived or tricked, and too willing to believe everything that other people say.

SYNONYM naive

Answer 8

gullible

/’galibǝl/
SYNONYM naive

There are any number of miracle cures on the market for people gullible enough to buy them.

Americans aren’t as gullible as the left seems to think we are

Question 9

Adjective . disapproving

not thinking or worrying about other people or their feelings:

C1

Synonym : selfish
Opposite : considerate

Answer 9

inconsiderate

/inkǝn’sıdǝrǝt/
Synonym : selfish
Opposite : considerate

Our neighbours are very inconsiderate - they’re always playing loud music late at night.

Question 10

Adjective

Having confidence in your own abilities.

Answer 10

self-assured

/selfǝ’Jǝ:d/

The interview showed her as a self-assured and mature student

Question 11

Adjective

Only interested in yourself and your own activities

Answer 11

self-absorbed

/selfǝb’zɔ:bd/

Henry is so self-absorbed it’s a miracle anyone bothers with him at all

Question 12

Adjective

Only interested in yourself and your own activities

Answer 12

self-centred

/,self’sentad/

Robert is a self-centred, ambitious, and bigoted man

Question 13

Adjective . disapproving

praising yourself or saying how well you have done something

Answer 13

self-congratulatory

/ˌself.kənˌɡrætʃ.əˈleɪ.tər.i/

The team’s self-congratulatory attitude after a minor victory seemed premature.

Question 14

Adjective

Trying to make yourself, your abilities, or your achievements seem less important

Answer 14

self-deprecating

/self’deprǝkeitin/

He seems to understand the right balance of self-deprecation to mild insult to tell effective jokes in the workplace

Question 15

Adjective

someone who believes that they are more important or have a higher value than other people;
It is often used to describe individuals who act as if they are more important than others

Answer 15

self-important

/selfim’po:tant/

“He never comes across as pompous or self-important.
I look at these very serious, self-important people, and I just don’t want to be like that.”.

Question 16

Adjective

careful not to say or do anything that could upset someone

Answer 16

tactful

/’tæktfǝl/

They are tactful and attend to the face wants of their friends and themselves.
It is only after patient and tactful probing that reliable information can be obtained.

Question 17

Adjective

A well-adjusted person is reasonable and has good judgment, and their behaviour is not difficult or strange

Answer 17

well-adjusted

/wela’d3Astid/

He is a quiet, well-adjusted man.
The hands in their well-adjusted gloves were large even for her unusual height.
She had long since abandoned any hope of Madeleine being, even by stretching the norm, a well-adjusted girl.

Question 18

Adjective

comes from a family that has a high social position and behaves in a way that is generally considered correct and polite.

Answer 18

well-bred

/,wel’bred/

Equally pleased with each other’s externals, we were soon familiar: he was witty, sarcastic, and well-bred.

Both men were well-bred products of the best schools.

Question 19

Adjective

People, especially children, who are polite and act in a quiet and pleasant way, because they have been taught this behaviour at home

Answer 19

well-brought-up

/welbro:t ‘Ap/

Despite the family’s problems, the children were well brought up.
He was a very well-brought-up young man.

Question 20

Adjective

Wearing attractive and stylish clothes

Answer 20

well-dressed

/wel’drest/

“Caricaturists and satirists appealed to their patrons, mocking the stylish servant, the well-dressed sailor, the respectable shopkeeper.”
“Although there is nothing desperately original about the basics of the exercises, they are well-dressed, with an historical twist.”
“On his way around the hospital, the boy glances into the hospital’s chapel, where he sees the well-dressed man sitting alone.”
“And in the last scene they returned, well-dressed and smoking cigarettes, for a final song.”

Question 21

adjective

talking a lot

Answer 21

talkative

/ˈtɔː.kə.tɪv/

1. She’s a lively, talkative person.
2. Cynthia is lively and talkative.

Question 22

adjective

strange or unusual, sometimes in a humorous way:

Answer 22

eccentric

/ɪkˈsen.trɪk/

1. eccentric behaviour
2. eccentric clothes
3. My mother is something of an eccentric

Question 23

adjective

Happy and positive. It is used to describe a place or thing that is bright and pleasant and makes you feel positive and happy

Answer 23

cheerful

/ˈtʃɪə.fəl/

“He’s usually fairly cheerful.”
“You’re in a cheerful mood this morning.”
“She manages to stay cheerful (= happy and positive) despite everything.”
“The doctor’s waiting room was bright and cheerful with yellow walls and curtains.”

Question 24

adjective

Not good at making decisions, or not producing a decision.

Answer 24

indecisive

/ˌɪn.dɪˈsaɪ.sɪv/

“He is widely thought to be an indecisive leader.”
“We cannot be resolute in our remarks, but indecisive when it comes to taking action.”
“They are sometimes a little hesitant, sometimes a little indecisive.”

Question 25

# adjective worried and nervous. It can also mean being eager to do something

Answer 25

**anxious** | /ˈæŋk.ʃəs/ ## Footnote “My mother always gets a bit **anxious** if we don’t arrive when we say we will” "I’m **anxious** to get home to open my presents".

Question 26

pleasant and attractive. It can be used to describe people who use their attractiveness to influence people or to make other people like them.

Answer 26

**charming** | /ˈtʃɑː.mɪŋ/ ## Footnote “We had dinner with our director and his **charming** wife” "What a **charming** street this is"

Question 27

# adjective Behaving calmly because you have no doubts about your ability or knowledge.

Answer 27

**self-confident** | /ˌselfˈkɒn.fɪ.dənt/ ## Footnote “At school he was popular and **self-confident**, and we weren’t surprised at his later success.” "He was **self-confident** and sure he’d get the job."

Question 28

# adjective polite word for **old**: | B1

Answer 28

**elderly** | /ˈel.dɚ.li/ ## Footnote I used to live next door to an **elderly** lady who had about 20 cats! **elderly** relatives/parents. William is nearly 50, and his parents are **elderly**.

Question 29

# phrasal verb with **turn** to not allow someone to enter a place:

Answer 29

**turn** someone **away** | /tɜːn ## Footnote She could never **turn away** a stray animal-she said she preferred them to people. They **turned** us **away** at the entrance because we didn't have tickets.

Question 30

# adjective (of an animal) having no home, or lost:

Answer 30

**stray** | /streɪ/ ## Footnote She could never turn away a **stray** animal-she said she preferred them to people.

Question 31

# phrasal verb . Intransitive to talk in a friendly, informal way to someone; to talk continuously or repeatedly, often in a busy or eager manner

Answer 31

**chat away** (to/with somebody) | /tʃæt əˈweɪ/ ## Footnote 1. She'd been born and raised in that house and she'd walk around the garden **chatting away** happily to all her cats. 2. Within minutes of being introduced they **were chatting** away like old friends.

Question 32

# phrasal verb (intransitive and inseparable) To lose your balance after knocking your foot against something when you are walking or running, or to cause someone to do this.

Answer 32

**trip over** | /trɪp ˈəʊ.vər/ ## Footnote She made me laugh because she was always bumping into things or **tripping over**.

Question 33

# phrasal verb with bump verb 1. to hit something with force 2. to meet someone unexpectedly

Answer 33

1. **bump into** (something) 2. **bump into** (someone) | /bʌmp ˈɪn.tuː/ ## Footnote 1. She made me laugh because she was always **bumping into** things or tripping over. 2. We **bumped into** Kayla in a shop.

Question 34

# noun a plain or lipped tube usually of thin glass closed at one end and used especially in chemistry and biology

Answer 34

**test tube** ## Footnote One day, in biology, she managed to break five **test tubes**!

Question 35

# adjective very unhappy: ## Footnote B1

Answer 35

**miserable** | /ˈmɪz.ər.ə.bəl/ ## Footnote I know she's always there for me, and you can never feel **miserable** around her because she's always smiling.

Question 36

# verb [ T ] to say or write what someone or something is like: | A2

Answer 36

**describe** | /dɪˈskraɪb/ ## Footnote I'd like to **describe** someone I used to work with. He made my job quite difficult because he couldn't work independently at all.

Question 37

# idiom to decide what to do or choose:

Answer 37

**make up your mind** | /meɪk ʌp jɔːr maɪnd/ ## Footnote The main problem was that, if he had to choose between two or three different options, he just couldn't **make his mind up**, so I would have to help him or choose for him.

Answer 38

**self-conscious**

Question 39

# /ˈsen.sə.bəl/ someone or something that is based on or acting on good judgment and practical ideas or understanding.

Answer 39

**sensible** | /ˈsen.sə.bəl/ ## Footnote “a **sensible** answer / approach / compromise / option” "It would be **sensible** to take an umbrella"

Question 40

# adjective liked by many people:

Answer 40

**well-liked** | /ˌwel ˈlaɪkt/ ## Footnote According to Ms Hawke, students who are **well-liked** tend to mix with others who are **well-liked.** Being **well-liked** tells us more about someone's true character than being popular. Would you prefer to be 'popular' or **'well-liked**'?

Question 41

# Vocabulary note The words personality and character are very close in meaning but they are not always used in the same way: (..........1) = the way you behave, feel and think, especially socially. (.........2) = a combination of qualities which make someone different from other people. (..........3) = things that are typical or noticeable about a person or thing (it can be a noun or an adjective).

Answer 41

1. **Personality** 2. **Character** 3. **Characteristic**

Question 42

# noun the way you behave, feel and think, especially socially.

Answer 42

**personality** | /ˌpɜː.sənˈæl.ə.ti/ ## Footnote 1. She has a very warm **personality**. 2. He is well qualified for the job, but he does lack **personality** (= he is a boring person).

Question 43

# noun a combination of qualities which make someone different from other people.

Answer 43

**character** | /ˈkær.ək.tər/ ## Footnote One of the joys of being a parent is watching the child's **character** develop.

Question 44

# noun [ C ] / adjective things that are typical or noticeable about a person or thing (it can be a noun or an ). ## Footnote C2(adj) B2(n)

Answer 44

**characteristic** | /ˌkær.ək.təˈrɪs.tɪk/ ## Footnote 1. (noun) Curly hair is one of my family **characteristics**. 2. (adjective) She behaved with **characteristic** dignity.

Question 45

# adjective someone who does not need help or support from other people

Answer 45

**self-reliant** | /ˌself.rɪˈlaɪ.ənt/ ## Footnote "Single parents have to be **self-reliant** and inventive."

Question 46

# adjective someone who behaves in a way that is accepted as correct

Answer 46

**well-behaved** | /ˌwel bɪˈheɪvd/ ## Footnote "Our kids are normally **well behaved**."

Question 47

# adjective someone who has had a good education

Answer 47

**well-educated** | /ˌwel ˈed.jʊ.keɪ.tɪd/ ## Footnote "**Well-educated** and highly motivated workers."

Question 48

# adjective Having a lot of knowledge or information about a particular subject or things in general

Answer 48

**well-informed** | /ˌwel ɪnˈfɔːmd/ ## Footnote "He was **well informed** and shrewd, with good, calm judgment. How **well informed** is the customer about the range, quality, and cost of the products on offer?"

Question 49

# adjective Behaving in a pleasant and polite way.

Answer 49

**well-mannered** | /ˌwel ˈmæn.əd/ ## Footnote "The other visitors were too **well-mannered** to complain"

Question 50

# adjective Involving or having experience in a wide range of ideas or activities

Answer 50

**well-rounded** | /ˌwel ˈraʊn.dɪd/ ## Footnote "The article is **well rounded** and is fair to both sides of the dispute"3

Question 51

# adjective worth having and wanted by most people: | B2

Answer 51

**desirable** | /dɪˈzaɪə.rə.bəl/ ## Footnote A new study from The Australian National University (ANU) has shown that for Canberra's young people, being well-liked is much more **desirable** than being popular

Question 52

# noun [ U ] the fact that something or someone is liked, enjoyed, or supported by many people: | B2

Answer 52

**popularity** | /ˌpɒp.jəˈlær.ə.ti/ ## Footnote It found that adolescents saw being popular and being well-liked as two very different things, and that young people may not see **popularity** as a desirable trait. It is the first Australian study to address the issue of **popularity** and what it means to young people.

Question 53

# noun The behaviour of a person who hurts or frightens someone smaller or less powerful, often forcing that person to do something they do not want to do

Answer 53

**bullying** | /ˈbʊl.i.ɪŋ/ ## Footnote Both boys and girls agreed that many popular teenagers are disliked by the year group as a whole,' said Ms Hawke. "This can be for several reasons such as **bullying**, having an attitude of superiority and disrupting the classroom. "**Bullying** is a problem in many schools"

Question 54

# noun The quality of being better than average, or better than others of the same type

Answer 54

**superiority** | /suːˌpɪə.riˈɒr.ə.ti/ ## Footnote Both boys and girls agreed that many popular teenagers are disliked by the year group as a whole,' said Ms Hawke. "This can be for several reasons such as bullying, having an attitude of **superiority** and disrupting the classroom. “The Australian team soon demonstrated their **superiority** over the opposition.” “Her sense of **superiority** makes her very unpopular.”

Question 55

# verb To prevent something, especially a system, process, or event, from continuing as usual or as expected

Answer 55

**disrupting** | /dɪsˈrʌp.ʃən/ ## Footnote Both boys and girls agreed that many popular teenagers are disliked by the year group as a whole,' said Ms Hawke. "This can be for several reasons such as bullying, having an attitude of superiority and **disrupting** the classroom. “Heavy snow **disrupted** travel into the city this morning.” “The meeting was **disrupted** by a group of protesters who shouted and threw fruit at the speaker.”

Question 56

# verb [ T ] to think of or represent someone or something as better than that person or thing really is:

Answer 56

**idealise** | /aɪˈdɪə.laɪz/ (US usually **idealize**) ## Footnote She added that the results indicate that 'popular' students are not **idealised** in the way that popular culture sometimes portrays, and that once other students are aware that many 'popular' students are not liked by others in the year group, it is possible that they will lose the power they are perceived to have.

Question 57

# verb [ T ] to represent or describe someone or something in a painting, film, book, or other artistic work: | C2

Answer 57

**portray** | /pɔːˈtreɪ/ ## Footnote She added that the results indicate that 'popular' students are not idealised in the way that popular culture sometimes **portrays**, and that once other students are aware that many 'popular' students are not liked by others in the year group, it is possible that they will lose the power they are perceived to have.

Question 58

# verb [ T ] to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something: | C1

Answer 58

**perceive** | /pəˈsiːv/ ## Footnote She added that the results indicate that 'popular' students are not idealised in the way that popular culture sometimes portrays, and that once other students are aware that many 'popular' students are not liked by others in the year group, it is possible that they will lose the power they are **perceived** to have.

Question 59

# phrasal verb , inseparable, transitive to be the right size or shape for someone or something:

Answer 59

**fit into** aslo **fit** | /fɪt ˈɪn.tuː/ ## Footnote It seems that being popular is about the group that you **fit into**, whereas being well-liked is about the individual person's inherent characteristics.

Question 60

# noun The ability to learn, understand, and make judgments or have opinions that are based on reason

Answer 60

**intelligence** | /ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒəns/ ## Footnote Howard Gardner - Frames of Mind (1983) identified seven types of **intelligence**: Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Bodily-Kinesthetic Musical Interpersonal Intrapersonal “I can’t believe that someone of his **intelligence** can read such trash!” “He believes that all children are born with equal **intelligence**.”

Question 61

# adjective connected with the ability to know where the parts of your body are and how they are moving:

Answer 61

**kinaesthetic** | UK /ˌkɪn.isˈθet.ɪk/ (US **kinesthetic**) ## Footnote Bodily-**Kinesthetic** Intelligence (body smart): This type of intelligence entails the potential of using one’s whole body or parts of the body to solve problems or fashion products. NOUN:**kinaesthesia**

Question 62

# phrase. psychology This refers to the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. It involves effective verbal and nonverbal communication, the ability to note distinctions among others, sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of others, and the ability to entertain multiple perspectives.

Answer 62

**interpersonal intelligence** | /ˌɪn.təˈpɜː.sən.əl ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒəns/ ## Footnote the final two intelligences are '**interpersonal**' - describing someone who is aware of the feelings of others - and 'intrapersonal', which concerns self-awareness. Over the years, researchers have put forward other types of intelligence to add to this list, but these are usually ignored as they tend to be rather complex and less easily defined.

Question 63

# phrase. psychology This refers to the ability to understand and analyze one's own emotions, motives, desires, and thoughts. It involves self-reflection, self-inquiry, and self-analysis.

Answer 63

**intrapersonal intelligence** | /ˌɪn.trəˈpɜː.sən.əl ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒəns ## Footnote the final two intelligences are 'interpersonal' - describing someone who is aware of the feelings of others - and '**intrapersonal**', which concerns self-awareness. Over the years, researchers have put forward other types of intelligence to add to this list, but these are usually ignored as they tend to be rather complex and less easily defined. People with high **intrapersonal intelligence** are often self-disciplined, self-motivated, and have a good understanding of themselves.

Question 64

# phrase. psychology the ability to understand and use spoken and written language. It includes expressing oneself effectively and learning foreign languages.

Answer 64

**linguistic intelligence** | /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ ## Footnote The multiple intelligence theory first came to light in 1983 in Howard Gardner's book Frames of Mind. In it, Gardner listed seven types of **intelligence**. The first of these is termed '**linguistic**, and this describes people who are more interested in the written word and reading. Writers, poets, lawyers, and speakers often have **high linguistic intelligence**.

Question 65

# verb [ I ] to make continuous, small movements, especially if they do not have a particular purpose and you make them without meaning to, for example because you are nervous or bored:

Answer 65

**fidget** | UK /ˈfɪdʒ.ɪt/ ## Footnote Children can't sit still for long without **fidgeting**.

Question 66

# noun a person who fidgets; individuals who frequently move or manipulate objects as a means to reduce stress, concentrate, or simply out of habit.

Answer 66

**fidgeter** | /ˈfɪdʒ.ɪtər/ ## Footnote a kinaesthetic learner is a typical **fidgeter** and needs active participation. This means they will struggle to learn from a lecture. Instead, kinaesthetic learners could participate in a game or anything that allows them to play an active role in the lesson.

Question 67

# phrase. psychology the ability to think logically, analyse problems, and understand complex mathematical concepts. It involves identifying logical or numerical patterns and reasoning

Answer 67

**Logical Intelligence** | /ˈlɒdʒɪkəl ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ ## Footnote The next kind of **intelligence** is '**logical**, and this is used to describe people whose strengths are in subjects such as maths and science. Significance: **Logical intelligence** is crucial for understanding the world around us, solving problems, and making decisions based on logical reasoning.

Question 68

# phrase. psychology the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone.

Answer 68

**Musical Intelligence** | /ˈmjuːzɪkəl ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ ## Footnote Famous individuals with high **musical intelligence** include Ludwig van Beethoven, Michael Jackson, and Jimi Hendrix. Significance: **Musical intelligence** allows individuals to appreciate music, identify distinct musical notes, and think in rhythms or melodies.

Question 69

# phrase. psychology the ability to use the body to express feelings and ideas, as well as the ability to produce or transform things with your hands.

Answer 69

**kinaesthetic intelligence** | /ˌkɪn.isˈθet.ɪk ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ ## Footnote Athletes, dancers, artists, mechanics, and surgeons often exhibit high **kinaesthetic intelligence**. Significance: **Kinaesthetic intelligence** allows individuals to express themselves through movement and dance, and is crucial in fields that require good hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills.

Question 70

# phrase. psychology the capacity to generate, store, retrieve, and transform visual images and sensations. It involves the perception and transformation of visual shapes, forms, or images

Answer 70

**visual intelligence** | /ˈvɪʒʊəl ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ ## Footnote After that there is '**visual' intelligence**, which describes people who are attracted by or drawn to images. Individuals with high **visual intelligence** can picture concepts with their mind’s eye and often think visually. Significance: **Visual intelligence** plays a crucial role in understanding and interpreting the visual world around us.