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unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

chemistry

A

the study of the structure of matter and the composition of substances, their properties, and their chemical reactions

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2
Q

biochemistry

A

the study of chemical reactions within living things

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3
Q

matter

A

anything that has weight (mass) and occupies space. neither created or destroyed, changes through physical or chemical means

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4
Q

3 states of matter

A

solid, liquid, gas

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5
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored in cells, waiting to be released

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6
Q

kinetic energy

A

work resulting in motion

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7
Q

atoms

A

the fundamental building block of chemistry and the smallest piece of an element

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8
Q

protons

A

positively charged, found in nucleus

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9
Q

neutrons

A

no charge/ neutral, found in nucleus

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10
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged, found in outer electron shells

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11
Q

extra

A

all atoms are neutrally charged because they contain the same number of protons and electrons

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12
Q

elements

A

pure substances that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance that are made of alike atoms

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13
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons, same number of electrons

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14
Q

isotope

A

atoms of a specific element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons

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15
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

unstable & decay, emit radiation

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16
Q

medical imaging with radiation

A

uses radioactive isotopes to create images, nuclear medicine

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17
Q

Computed Axial Tomography (CAT) Scan

A

computer detects patterns of radiation absorption within the body tissues, produces cross-section images of the body, results in 3 dimensional view

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18
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan

A

patient is given a radioactive isotope (inhaled or injected), body metabolizes the isotope and creates an image

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19
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Generates specific frequencies of electromagnetic waves, changes the alignment of of hydrogen atoms within tissues

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20
Q

Ultrasound (sonography)

A

uses high frequency sound waves, waves bounce off the transducer through body tissues to produce an image

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21
Q

elements pt 2

A

atoms that are alike combine to form the next stage of matter, can exist in more than one form in our body. bone(solid) contains calcium. air (gas) contains oxygen. intracellular fluid (liquid) contains hydrogen and oxygen

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22
Q

compounds

A

various elements can combine in a definite proportion by weight to form compounds, compounds have different properties, depending on the combination of elements. compounds are represented by a formula (formula shows the types and proportions of elements within a compound)

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23
Q

HCl

A

hydrochloric acid

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24
Q

NaCl

A

table salt

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25
HaHCO3
baking powder
26
C6H12O6
glucose
27
molecules
the smallest unit of a compound
28
chemical bonds
atoms can share or combine electrons with other atoms of different elements to form chemical bonds.
29
3 types of chemical bonds
ionic bond, covalent bond, hydrogen bond
30
ion
charged particle(atom) that has lost or gained electrons
31
cations
form when an atom loses 1+ electrons, more protons than electrons= positive charge
32
anions
form when an atom gains 1+ electron, more electrons than protons=negative charge
33
ionic bonds
electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, cations and anions are attracted to one another
34
electrolytes
when ionic bonded compounds are in solution they disassociate (breakdown) into ions, these charged elements are electrolytes, ions in the body make it possible for materials to be combined,altered, broken down, and recombined into new substances
35
inorganic compounds
molecules that DO NOT contain carbon, water is most important inorganic compound
36
organic compounds
contain carbon and combines with hydrogen and other elements
37
monosaccharides
sugars that CANNOT be broken down any further, "simple sugars"
38
types of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
39
glucose
main source of energy used by body, stored in the form of glycogen
40
fructose
sweetest, found in honey and fruit
41
galactose
found in milk, essential for infant development
42
ribose and deoxyribose
found in rna and dna
43
disaccharides
combination of two monosaccharides
44
maltose
glucose+glucose
45
sucrose
table sugar, glucose+fructose
46
lactose
glucose+galactose
47
polysaccharides
large,complex molecules of hundreds of thousands of glucose molecules bonded together
48
starch
found in potatoes and grain products
49
cellulose
found in fruits and vegetables
50
glycogen
bodys method of storing glucose for later energy use
51
lipids
referred to as fats, important source of stored energy
52
types of lipids
triglycerides,phospholipids,steroids
53
triglycerides
fats, make up 95% of fat is human body, energy source and insulation
54
phospholipids
found in cell membrane, the brain, and nervous tissue
55
steroids
components of steroid hormones, contain cholesterol, essential to cell membrane permeability, manufacturing of vitamin d, male and female hormones
56
is cholesterol bad
essential to health, fatty substance that can build up the arteries
57
lipoproteins
carry cholesterol through the blood stream to the cell
58
high density lipoproteins (HDL)
GOOD, prevents plaque from accumulating on walls of arteries (olive oils, avocados, flaxseeds, whole grains, beans and legumes, plant products)
59
low density lipoproteins (LDLs)
BAD, contributes to plaque build up in arteries (beef, pork, butter, cream, milk, animal products)
60
proteins
most diverse and essential organic compounds found in all living things, found in every part of a living cell, also serve as binding agents.
61
amino acids
small molecular units that build proteins. 10 essential vs 10 nonessential
62
essential amino acids
cannot be, manufactured, must be EATEN
63
nonessential amino acids
can be manufactured by the body
64
enzymes
specialized protein molecules, help to control various chemical reactions occurring in a cell, may affect the rate or speed of a chemical reaction
65
nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acids)
DNA, double stranded, 46 chromosomes to create a long coiled molecule of DNA, unique for every person
66
nucleic acids (ribonucleic acid)
RNA, single stranded, make proteins to carry out the DNA blueprint
67
3 types of RNA
mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)
68
acid
a substance that yields H+ ions when dissolved in solution, presence of H+ ions will give an acid a sour taste
69
base
a substance that yields hydroxide (OH-) ions when dissolved in solution, also called alkali, bitter taste
70
neutralization
when an acid and a base are combined, they form salt and water, called neutralization
71
pH scale
measure of acidity or alkalinity, ranges from 0-14
72
pH of 7
neutral
73
pH of 0-6.9
acid
74
pH of 7.1-14
alkaline (basic)
75
homeostasis of acid-base
living cells are very sensitive to change in the acid base balance, living tissues remain relatively close to neutral, if acid base balance is not maintained, calls & tissues will become damaged.
76
human tears
7.4 pH
77
blood
7.35-7.45 pH

anatomy & physiology (5 decks)

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