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Nursing Fundamentals > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Accommodation

A

the ability to constrict when looking at a near object and dilate when looking at an object in the distance

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2
Q

Audiometry

A

measures hearing acuity at various sound frequencies

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3
Q

Auscultation

A

listening to body sounds

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4
Q

A body systems approach

A

means assessing the client according to the functional systems of the body.

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5
Q

Capillary refill time

A

the time it takes blood to resume flowing in the base of the nail beds

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6
Q

Cerumen

A

a yellowish-brown, waxy secretion produced by glands within the ear

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7
Q

consensual response

A

a brisk, equal, and simultaneous constriction of both pupils when one eye and then the other is stimulated with light

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8
Q

drape

A

a sheet of soft cloth or paper

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9
Q

Edema

A

is excessive fluid within tissue and signifies abnormal fluid distribution

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10
Q

Extraocular movements

A

which are eye movements controlled by several pairs of eye muscles

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11
Q

head-to-toe approach

A

means assessing the client from the top of the head down to the feet

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12
Q

hearing acuity

A

the ability to hear and discriminate sound

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13
Q

Inspection

A

purposeful observation

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14
Q

Jaeger chart

A

a visual assessment tool with small print or newsprint with varying sizes of letters for near vision

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15
Q

mental status assessment

A

a technique for determining the level of a client’s cognitive functioning

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16
Q

ophthalmoscope

A

An instrument used to examine structures within the eye

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17
Q

otoscope

A

An instrument used to examine the tympanic membrane, or eardrum.

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18
Q

Palpation

A

involves lightly touching or applying pressure to the body

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19
Q

Percussion

A

is striking or tapping a part of the client’s body with the fingertips to produce vibratory sounds

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20
Q

PERRLA

A

pupils equally round and reactive to light and accommodation

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21
Q

physical assessment

A

a systematic examination of body structures

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22
Q

Rinne test

A

an assessment technique for comparing air versus bone conduction of sound

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23
Q

Smelling acuity

A

the ability to smell and identify odors

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24
Q

Snellen eye chart

A

a tool for assessing far vision

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25
Q

Turgor

A

the resiliency of the skin; fullness or lack thereof

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26
Q

Visual acuity

A

the ability to see both far and near

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27
Q

visual field examination

A

is the assessment of peripheral vision and continuity in the visual field

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28
Q

Weber test

A

an assessment technique for determining equality or disparity of bone-conducted sound

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29
Q

afebrile

A

no fever

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30
Q

afterload

A

the force against which the heart pumps when ejecting blood

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31
Q

antipyretics

A

such as aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen directly lower body temperature

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32
Q

apical heart rate

A

the number of ventricular contractions per minute

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33
Q

apical–radial rate

A

the number of sounds heard at the heart’s apex and the rate of the radial pulse during the same period

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34
Q

Apnea

A

the absence of breathing

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35
Q

arrhythmia or dysrhythmia

A

an irregular pattern of heartbeats

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36
Q

auscultatory gap

A

a period during which sound disappears during BP

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37
Q

automated monitoring devices

A

equipment that allows for the simultaneous collection of multiple data

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38
Q

baroreceptors

A

sensory nerves in the walls of large arteries. A baroreceptor’s function is to maintain arterial pressure

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39
Q

Blood pressure

A

is the force the blood exerts within the arteries

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40
Q

Bradycardia

A

less than 60 bpm

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41
Q

Bradypnea

A

a slower-than-normal respiratory rate at rest

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42
Q

brown adipose tissue (BAT).

A

contains brown adipocytes filled with mitochondria that raise body temperature by increasing metabolism. BAT is usually located near the neck, the chest, and upper back

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43
Q

Cardiac output

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

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44
Q

centigrade scale

A

a scale that uses 0°C as the temperature at which water freezes and 100°C as the point at which it boils

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45
Q

cerumen

A

ear wax

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46
Q

clinical thermometers

A

instruments used to measure body temperature

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47
Q

core temperature

A

warmth in deeper sites within the body like the brain and heart

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48
Q

diastolic pressure

A

pressure within the arterial system when the heart relaxes and fills with blood

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49
Q

Doppler stethoscope

A

helps detect sounds created by the velocity of blood moving through a blood vessel. The sounds of moving blood cells

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50
Q

drawdown effect

A

cooling of the ear when it comes in contact with the probe

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51
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

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52
Q

Fahrenheit scale

A

a scale that uses 32°F as the temperature at which water freezes and 212°F as the point at which it boils

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53
Q

febrile

A

a condition in which the temperature is elevated

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54
Q

fever

A

body temperature that exceeds 99.3°F

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55
Q

frenulum

A

structure that attaches the underneath surface of the tongue to the fleshy portion of the mouth

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56
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

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57
Q

Hyperthermia

A

excessively high core temperature describes a state in which the temperature exceeds 105.8°F

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58
Q

Hyperventilation

A

rapid or deep breathing or both

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59
Q

Hypotension

A

low blood pressure

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60
Q

hypothalamus

A

a structure within the brain that helps control various metabolic activities

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61
Q

hypothermia

A

a core body temperature less than 95°F

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62
Q

hypoventilation

A

diminished breathing

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63
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

sounds that result from the vibrations of blood within the arterial wall or changes in blood flow

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64
Q

metabolic rate

A

use of calories for sustaining body functions

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65
Q

offsets

A

Amount of money returned to the hospital for saving money on patient care.

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66
Q

Orthopnea

A

breathing facilitated by sitting up or standing

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67
Q

Postural or orthostatic hypotension

A

is a temporary drop in blood pressure when rising from a reclining position after 3 to 5 minutes of rest

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68
Q

palpitation

A

awareness of one’s own heart contraction

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69
Q

piloerection

A

the contraction of arrector pili muscles in skin follicles

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70
Q

preload

A

the volume of blood that fills the heart and stretches the heart muscle fibers during its resting phase

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71
Q

pulse

A

a wavelike sensation that can be palpated in a peripheral artery, is produced by the movement of blood during the heart’s contraction

72
Q

pulse deficit

A

the difference between the apical and the radial pulse rates

73
Q

pulse pressure

A

the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements

74
Q

pulse rate

A

the number of peripheral pulsations palpated in 1 minute

75
Q

pulse rhythm

A

the pattern of the pulsations and the pauses between them

76
Q

Pulse volume

A

the quality of palpated pulsations

77
Q

Pyrexia

A

Greek word for “fire”

78
Q

Respiration

A

is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

79
Q

respiratory rate

A

the number of ventilations per minute

80
Q

set point

A

an optimal body temperature

81
Q

shell temperature

A

warmth at the skin surface

82
Q

speculum

A

funnel-shaped instrument used to widen and support an opening in the body

83
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

a device for measuring blood pressure

84
Q

stertorous breathing

A

noisy ventilation

85
Q

stethoscope

A

an instrument that carries sound to the ears

86
Q

stridor

A

a harsh, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration when there is laryngeal obstruction

87
Q

Systolic pressure

A

pressure within the arterial system when the heart contracts

88
Q

Tachycardia

A

100 to 150 bpm

89
Q

Tachypnea

A

a rapid respiratory rate

90
Q

temperature translation

A

conversion of tympanic temperature into an oral, rectal, or core temperature

91
Q

temporal artery thermometer

A

is the most noninvasive device when compared with others because it scans the artery at the skin surface, poses no risk for injury, and is suitable for nearly all ages

92
Q

thermistor catheter

A

heat-sensing device at the tip of an internally placed tube

93
Q

thermogenesis

A

heat production

94
Q

training effect

A

occurs in which the heart rate and consequently the pulse rate become consistently lower than average. This effect develops because the heart muscle becomes more efficient at supplying body cells with sufficient oxygenated blood with fewer beats

95
Q

Ventilation

A

(the movement of air in and out of the chest) involves inhalation or inspiration (breathing in) and exhalation or expiration (breathing out

96
Q

Vital signs

A

body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure

97
Q

white adipose tissue (WAT)

A

that contains fat cells known as adipocytes. WAT provides heat insulation and cushioning of internal structures

98
Q

white coat hypertension

A

a condition in which the blood pressure is elevated when taken by a health care provider but normal at other times

99
Q

acute illness

A

one that comes on suddenly and lasts a short time

100
Q

Beliefs

A

are concepts that a person holds to be true

101
Q

capitation

A

a payment system in which a preset fee per member is paid to a health care provider (usually a hospital or hospital system

102
Q

case method

A

a pattern in which one nurse manages all the care a client or group of clients need for a designated period of time

103
Q

Chronic illness

A

one that comes on slowly and lasts a long time

104
Q

Congenital disorders

A

those present at birth but which are the result of faulty embryonic development

105
Q

Continuity of care

A

maintenance of health care from one level of health to another and from one agency to another

106
Q

diagnostic-related group (DRG)

A

a classification system used to group clients with similar diagnoses for insurance

107
Q

Emotional health

A

results when one feels safe and copes effectively with the stressors of life

108
Q

exacerbation

A

reactivation of a disorder, or one that reverts from a chronic to an acute state

109
Q

Extended care

A

services that meet the health needs of clients who no longer require acute hospital care) includes rehabilitation

110
Q

functional nursing

A

a pattern in which each nurse is assigned specific tasks

111
Q

health

A

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

112
Q

health care system

A

the network of available health services

113
Q

Health insurance marketplaces

A

are state organizations that provide a means for individuals or employers with small numbers of employees to purchase affordable private health insurance under the provisions identified in the ACA

114
Q

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)

A

are corporations that charge preset, fixed, or yearly fees in exchange for providing health care for their members

115
Q

hereditary condition

A

disorder acquired from the genetic codes of one or both parents

116
Q

Holism

A

the sum of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health

117
Q

human needs

A

factors that motivate behavior

118
Q

idiopathic illness

A

is an illness of unknown cause. Treatment focuses on relieving the signs and symptoms because the etiology is unknown

119
Q

Illness

A

is a state of being unhealthy when disease, deterioration, or injury impairs a person’s well-being

120
Q

Integrated delivery systems

A

networks that provide a full range of health care services in a highly coordinated, cost-effective manner. The VA

121
Q

Managed care organizations (MCOs)

A

private insurers who carefully plan and closely supervise the distribution of their clients’ health care services

122
Q

Medicaid

A

is a federally funded, state-administered health care program for low-income individuals

123
Q

Medicare

A

a federal program that finances health care costs of persons aged 65 years and older, permanently disabled workers of any age and their dependents, and those with end-stage renal disease

124
Q

Morbidity

A

incidence of a specific disease, disorder, or injury

125
Q

Mortality

A

incidence of deaths

126
Q

nurse-managed care

A

a pattern in which a nurse manager plans the nursing care of clients based on their type of case or medical diagnosis

127
Q

nursing team

A

primarily includes the client and nursing personnel, but it may also include several types of professionals as well as allied health care providers with special training such as respiratory therapists, physical therapists, and technicians

128
Q

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)

A

a health reform law passed in 2010, an estimated 11.7 million people acquired health insurance by the end of the enrollment period in 2015

129
Q

Physical health

A

exists when body organs function normally

130
Q

Preferred provider organizations (PPOs)

A

are agents for health insurance companies that control health care costs on the basis of competition. PPOs create a network of a community’s physicians who are willing to discount their fees for service in exchange for a steady supply of referred clients

131
Q

Primary care

A

health services provided by the first health care provider or agency a person contacts

132
Q

primary illness

A

one that develops independently of any other disease

133
Q

primary nursing

A

a pattern in which the admitting nurse assumes responsibility for planning client care and evaluating the client’s progress

134
Q

prospective payment system

A

uses financial incentives to decrease total health care charges by reimbursing hospitals on a fixed rate basis

135
Q

Remission

A

is the disappearance of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease

136
Q

secondary care

A

health services to which primary caregivers refer clients for consultation and additional testing

137
Q

secondary illness

A

disorder that develops from a preexisting condition

138
Q

sequelae

A

singular: sequela; ill effects that result from permanent or progressive organ damage caused by a disease or its treatment

139
Q

Social health

A

is an outcome of feeling accepted and useful

140
Q

Spiritual health

A

is characterized as believing that one’s life has purpose

141
Q

Team nursing

A

a pattern in which nursing personnel divide the clients into groups and complete their care together

142
Q

terminal illness

A

one in which there is no potential for cure

143
Q

Tertiary care

A

health services provided at hospitals or medical centers where complex technology and specialists are available

144
Q

Values

A

are ideals that a person feels are important (e.g., knowledge, wealth, financial security, marital fidelity, health

145
Q

Wellness

A

means a full and balanced integration of all aspects of health. It involves physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health

146
Q

Adaptation

A

the response of an organism to change

147
Q

alarm stage

A

is the immediate physiologic response to a stressor

148
Q

Alternative behavior techniques

A

are those actions that modify stress in order to take control rather than become immobilized

149
Q

Alternative lifestyle techniques

A

are those activities in which people who are prone to stress make a conscious effort to change their patterns of living

150
Q

Alternative thinking techniques

A

are those that facilitate a change in a person’s perceptions from negative to positive

151
Q

catastrophize

A

choosing to focus on all the potentially negative outcomes that may result from stressors, thus perpetuating and intensifying their responses to stress

152
Q

coping mechanisms

A

unconscious tactics to defend the psyche

153
Q

Coping strategies

A

stress reduction activities consciously selected

154
Q

cortisol

A

a stress hormone, from the adrenal cortex. Cortisol plays various important roles in responding to a stressor such as raising blood glucose and inhibiting insulin to meet increased energy requirements

155
Q

endocrine system

A

a group of glands found throughout the body that produce hormones, sustains the response

156
Q

Endorphins

A

are natural body chemicals that produce effects similar to those of opioid drugs such as morphine. In addition to decreasing pain, these chemicals promote a sense of pleasantness, tranquility, and well-being

157
Q

feedback loop

A

is the mechanism for controlling hormone production. Feedback can be negative or positive

158
Q

fight-or-flight response

A

It (body) accelerates the physiologic functions that ensure survival through enhanced strength or rapid escape. The person becomes active, aroused, and emotionally charged

159
Q

freeze response

A

Therefore, it has been proposed that humans may also respond to stimuli not only by speeding physiologic responses, but also by slowing them down

160
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

collective physiologic processes of the stress response

161
Q

Homeostasis

A

is a relatively stable state of physiologic equilibrium; it means “staying the same”

162
Q

hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis.

A

Receptors for these chemical messengers are found throughout the central nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, suggesting a highly integrated communication system sometimes referred to as

163
Q

neuropeptides

A

are actually types of neuromodulators; they help neurons communicate with each other (van den Pol, 2012). Neuropeptides include substance P, endorphins, enkephalins, and other neurohormones.

164
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers synthesized in the neurons

serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine (also called adrenaline and noradrenaline), acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate

165
Q

Primary prevention

A

involves eliminating the potential for illness before it occurs

166
Q

Reframing

A

helps a person analyze a stressful situation from various perspectives and ultimately conclude that the situation is not as bad as it once seemed

167
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

an area of the brain through which a network of nerves pass, is the communication link between the body and the mind. Information about a person’s internal and external environment is funneled through the RAS to the cortex on both a conscious and an unconscious level

168
Q

Secondary prevention

A

includes screening for risk factors and providing a means for early diagnosis of disease

169
Q

Sensory manipulation

A

involves altering moods, feelings, and physiologic responses by stimulating pleasure centers in the brain using sensory stimuli

170
Q

stage of exhaustion

A

is the last phase of general adaptation syndrome. It occurs when one or more adaptive or resistive mechanisms are no longer able to protect the person experiencing a stressor

171
Q

stage of resistance

A

the second phase in general adaptation syndrome, is characterized by physiologic changes designed to restore homeostasis

172
Q

Stress

A

is the physiologic and behavioral responses to disequilibrium. It has physical, emotional, and cognitive effects

173
Q

Stress management techniques

A

are therapeutic activities used to reestablish balance between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems

174
Q

Stress reduction techniques

A

are methods that promote physiologic comfort and emotional well-being

175
Q

stressors

A

changes with the potential to disturb equilibrium

176
Q

Stress-related disorders

A

are diseases that result from prolonged stimulation of the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems

177
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

minimizes the consequences of a disorder through aggressive rehabilitation or appropriate management of the disease

Nursing Fundamentals (3 decks)

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