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unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

unicellular:

A

organisms made of only one cell

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2
Q

multicellular

A

organisms made of many cells

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3
Q

organelles:

A

ultra-structures within cells which have a particular function

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4
Q

nucleus:

A

controls cell activities

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5
Q

cell membrane:

A

controls what enters and exits the cell

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6
Q

cytoplasm:

A

site of chemical reactions

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7
Q

ribosomes:

A

site of protein production

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8
Q

mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration

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9
Q

cell wall:

A

provide structure and support to the cell

PLANT = made of cellulose
FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL = made of different materials

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10
Q

vacuole:

A

contains cell sap and maintains turgar of cell

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11
Q

chloroplasts:

A

site of photosynthesis

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12
Q

plasmids:

A

extra circular piece of DNA used in genetic engineering

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13
Q

organelles found in animal cell:

A

mitochondria
nucleus
cel membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes

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14
Q

organelles found in plant cell

A

nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplast
vacuole
cell membrane
cell wall
ribosomes
cytoplasm

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15
Q

organelles found in fungal cell:

A

nucleus
mitochondria
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes

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16
Q

organelles found in bacterial cell:

A

lathe circular DNA molecule
plasmids
cytoplasm
cell membrane
cell wall
capsid

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17
Q

where does fermentation in yeast cells occur?

A

cytoplasm

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18
Q

examples of membrane bound organelles

A

nucleus
chloroplast
mitochondria

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19
Q

what are the cell membrane comprise of?

A

phospholipids and proteins

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20
Q

what does the cell membrane comprise of?

A

phospholipids and proteins

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21
Q

the phospholipids are arranged…

A

…in 2 layers to form a lipid bilayer

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22
Q

what is the cell membrane commonly described as?

A

fluid mosaic structure

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23
Q

what is embedded in the cell membrane?

A

proteins

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24
Q

the cell membrane is selectively permeable. what does this mean?

A

some small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer while other larger molecules are transported across the cell membrane by proteins.

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25
what is diffusion?
the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient. (high to low)
26
what is a concentration gradient?
the difference in concentration of a substance between 2 areas.
27
passive transport:
requires no energy
28
why is diffusion important?
allows them to gain useful substances (to obtain energy and grow) and get rid of waste products
29
what is osmosis?
the movement of water molecules from a high to a low concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane.
30
cell shrinks/plasmolysed:
water concentration inside the cell is higher than outside so water moves out by osmosis.
31
cell stays the same:
water concentration outside the cell is the same as inside the cell so there is no net movement of water.
32
cell bursts/turgid:
water concentration outside the cell is higher than inside so water moves in by osmosis.
33
active transport:
the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. it is the movement of molecules and ions against a concentration gradient. - requires energy
34
what is DNA?
a double stranded helix which is the information carrying molecule found in all living organisms.
35
where is DNA stored
nucleus
36
what are chromosomes
2 strands which coil to form thread like structures
37
genes:
section of DNA that’s codes for a protein
38
chromosomes are divided into…
packets of information called genes
39
DNA has 2 backbones..
held together by complementary base pairs
40
bases and their pairing in DNA:
ADENINE only pairs with THYMINE CYTOSINE only pairs with GUANINE
41
how is a protein produced?
a molecule called mRNA copies the code from the nucleus and carries it to a ribosome where the protein is assembled from amino acids. 3 bases on the molecule of mRNA codes for one specific amino acid. the base sequence determines amino acid sequence in the protein
42
what is a protein
a large molecule made up of amino acids
43
functions of proteins:
- structural (offer support to cell) - hormones ( chemical messengers) - receptors (signals transmitted across membrane) - enzymes (speed up cellular reactions) - antibodies (protect body from disease)
44
enzymes:
fixation as biological catalysts and are made by all living cells. they speed up cellular reactions and are unchanged in the process.
45
definition of substrate and products:
substrate - substance the enzyme acts upon products - substance the enzyme makes
46
active site:
the area on the enzyme where the substrate attaches to (complementary)
47
enzyme-substrate complex:
the substrate and enzyme binded together
48
degradation and synthesis:
degradation - break down of molecules synthesis - build up of molecules
49
optimum conditions:
the rate of enzyme activity is at its highest and most active
50
denatured:
due to high temps, enzymes have a change in their shape
51
stages of genetic engineering:
1. human gene of interest identified 2. human gene of interest cut from chromosome using enzymes 3. plasmids from bacterial cell 4. plasmid cut open using enzymes 5. human gene sealed into plasmid using enzymes 6. modified plasmid placed into bacterial cell (now known as genetically modified organism) 7. bacterial cell is allowed to grow and replicate
52
what is genetic engineering
genetic information is transferred from one organism into another
53
what is respiration?
respiration is a chemical process that releases the stored energy from glucose through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions
54
what is respiration?
respiration is a chemical process that releases the stored energy from glucose through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions
55
word equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + ATP (lots)
56
what does aerobic respiration require?
oxygen
57
name the 2 stages of aerobic respiration
1. glycolysis 2. breakdown of pyruvate
58
GLYCOLYSIS:
during glycolysis, glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm of the cell. this produces 2 ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvate
59
BREAKDOWN OF PYRUVATE:
in the cytoplasm of the cell, pyruvate combines with glucose. this produces 2 ATP, carbon dioxide and water
60
what does ATP provide and what can it be broken down into?
ATP provides energy for cellular processes and can be broken down into ADP + Pi
61
how many ATP is produced in aerobic respiration?
first stage = 2 ATP second stage = lots of ATP
62
how many ATP is produced during fermentation/anaerobic respiration?
1st stage = 2 ATP produced 2nd stage = NO ATP produced
63
word equation for fermentation in animals:
GLUCOSE —> LACTIC ACID + ENERGY
64
word equation for fermentation in plants and microorganisms:
GLUCOSE + CARBON DIOXIDE + ETHANOL + ENERGY

biology (2 decks)

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