UNIT 1

Question 1

Brain regions

Answer 1

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, cerebral cortex

Question 2

Hindbrain

(Regulation, survival, coordinate)

Answer 2

(Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons)
* Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
* Survival functions
* Coordination of muscle movement

Question 3

Cerebellum

(Voluntary + speech & vision)

Answer 3

involved with voluntary movements, and balance, associated with speech/vision.

Question 4

Medulla oblongata

(Autonomic)

Answer 4

Controls autonomic functions of body (heart-rate, breathing, blood pressure).

Question 5

Pons

Answer 5

Involved in sleep, arousal, and facial expressions. Transmitting information between different brain areas.

Question 6

Midbrain

Answer 6

(Substantia nigra, reticular formation).
* Relaying messages
* Filtering sensory information

Question 7

Substantia nigra

Answer 7

Largest collections of dopamine-producing neurons (neurotransmitter involved with movement)

Question 8

Reticular formation

Answer 8

Filter neural information to brain, integrate neural information relating to survival functions, regulate sleep, and consciousness.

Question 9

Forebrain

Answer 9

(Hypothalamus, thamalus, cerebrum.)
* Complex mental processes
* Attention
* Filtering sensory information
* Maintaining homeostasis

Question 10

Hypothalamus

Answer 10

connecting the hormonal and nervous system. Relay information to relevant sections of cerebral cortex.

Question 11

Cerebrum

Answer 11

Directing the conscious motor activities of the body, receiving and processing sensory information.

Question 12

Cerebral hemispheres

Answer 12

Left hemisphere receives sensory information from right side of body and movement. Right hemisphere controls left side of body and movement.

Question 13

Lobes of the brain

Answer 13

FPOT (Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal)

Question 14

Frontal lobe

Answer 14

Voluntary movement, problem-solving, planning, personality.

Cortexes + Broca’s area

Question 15

Primary motor cortex

(Skeletal, voluntary)

Answer 15

Messages to skeletal muscles, initiates voluntary movements.

Question 16

Broca’s area (mouth)

Answer 16

Coordinating muscle movements to produce fluent speech, vocal cord movements.

Question 17

Parietal lobe

Answer 17

Receiving and processing touch information, spatial awareness.

Question 18

Primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 18

Process sensory information from bodily areas (fingers, hands).

Question 19

Occipital lobe

Answer 19

visual information.

Question 20

Primary visual cortex

Answer 20

visual sensory receptors in eyes.

Question 21

Temporal lobe

Answer 21

auditory information, memory, facial recognition.

Question 22

Primary auditory cortex

Answer 22

Identifying sound with different parts of the cortex (responding to different types of sound, high/low pitch.)

left cerebral hemisphere processes verbal sounds, such as spoken words.

right cerebral hemisphere processes non-verbal sounds, such as music.

Question 23

Maintaining and maximizing brain function

Answer 23

Mental stimulation, diet, physical activity, social support.

Question 24

Acquired brain injury

Answer 24

Result of damage to brain that occurs after birth. Causes include physical activity, disease.

Question 25

Traumatic brain injury | (external)

Answer 25

Damage by external force (falls, assaults, vehicle accidents)

Question 26

Non-traumatic brain injury

Answer 26

Damage by internal factors (stroke, aneurysm)

Question 27

Biological injuries

Answer 27

Changes to the function of organs and neurons. (Impaired sensory functioning, muscle weakness, headaches, fatigue, chronic pain.)

Question 28

Psychological injuries

Answer 28

Changes to thoughts, feelings and behaviour. (Memory loss, slow, poor attention, reduced ability to plan/organize.)

Question 29

Social injuries

Answer 29

Changes to interpersonal skills and interactions with others. (Impaired social skills, ability to communicate with others.)

Question 30

Neurological disorders

Answer 30

Diseases characterized malfunctioning of the nervous system.

Question 31

Parkinson's disease

Answer 31

neurodegenerative disease (Loss of neurons responsible for producing dopamine in the substantia nigra). Symptoms: * Tremors * Reduced motor control * Muscle stiffness * Problems with cognition * Fatigue * Depression and anxiety

Question 32

Neuroplasticity

Answer 32

ability of the brain to change its structure in response to experience or environmental stimulation.

Question 33

CTE (Chronic traumatic encephalopathy):

Answer 33

Neurodegenerative disease Fatal brain disease linked with repeated exposure to mild traumatic brain injuries

Question 34

Causes of CTE

Answer 34

Contact sport, serving in the army, domestic violence.

Question 35

Symptoms of CTE

Answer 35

Cognitive impairments, impulsivity, aggression, dementia.

Question 36

Diagnosis of CTE

Answer 36

Post-mortem examination, role of 'brain banks'.

Question 37

Machine learning

Answer 37

More accurate way of diagnosing disorders than human diagnosis

Question 38

Neurodegenerative diseases

Answer 38

Disease: cells of CNS stop working or die Examples: Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, CTE

Question 39

Two key processes of adaptive plasticity

Answer 39

sprouting and rerouting.

Question 40

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 40

* logic and reasoning * personality * symbolic thought

Question 41

Premotor cortex | (Sequence)

Answer 41

sequence of movements info sent to frontal lobe.

Question 42

Wernicke's area

Answer 42

Comprehension of speech, enabling the understanding of spoken language.

Question 43

Dopamine

Answer 43

neurotransmitter responsible for the coordination of voluntary movement.

Question 44

Piaget's theory:

Answer 44

cognitive development among children.

Question 45

Hereditary factors:

Answer 45

influence development, genetically passed down from biological parents. Born with genetic predisposition to certain personality traits.

Question 46

Environmental factors:

Answer 46

Physical or social surroundings that influence development.

Question 47

Cognitive development:

Answer 47

Development of mental processes becoming abstract over lifespan.

Question 48

Sensorimotor:

Answer 48

0-2 years, object permanence, goal directed behaviour.

Question 49

Preoperational:

Answer 49

2-7 years, egocentrism, animism, centralation.

Question 50

Concrete operational:

Answer 50

7-12 years, conservation, classification.

Question 51

Formal operational:

Answer 51

12+ years, abstract thought, use of reason and logic.

Question 52

Social development: | (Active, interact)

Answer 52

Active learning of behaviors that enable us to interact with others.

Question 53

Neurodiversity:

Answer 53

Everyone has a unique nervous system with its own combination of abilities and needs.

Question 54

Autism:

Answer 54

Deficits in social communication, interaction and non-verbal communication.

Question 55

Processes of neuroplasticity with brain trauma:

Answer 55

Rerouting, sprouting.

Question 56

Neurodiversity ADHD:

Answer 56

Neurodevelopmental disorder that affect some aspects of brain function. Inattention, distractibility, hyperactivity, impulsivity.