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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

(130 cards)

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1
Q

Define Anatomical position

A

Pt is lying supine with hands at their sides palms facing up with feet together

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2
Q

Describe the use of left and right in reference to anatomical position

A
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3
Q

Supine

A

Face up

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4
Q

Prone

A

face down

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5
Q

Posterior / Dorsal

A

Back

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6
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

Front

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7
Q

Cranial / Cephalic

A

towards head

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8
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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9
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail (coccyx)

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10
Q

Proximal

A

In between

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11
Q

Frontal or Coronal Plane

A

Body is sliced separating the anterior and posterior portions of the body

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12
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Separates the body into uneven right and left portions

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13
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Separates the superior and inferior portions of the body ** think of the cut happening at the hips, splitting the body into a top and bottom half**

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14
Q

Define anatomy

A

The study of structures internal and external and their PHYSICAL relationships among other body parts

EXAMPLE: examining where a muscle might attach to the skeleton

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15
Q

Define physiology

A

Studies how living organisms perform their vital FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE : consider how a muscle contracts or what forces a contracting muscle exerts on the skeleton

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16
Q

Principle of complimentary of structure and function

A

All specific functions are performed by specific structures, and the form of a structure relates to its function

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17
Q

Major levels of organization

A
  1. Chemical Level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ System level
  6. Organism Level
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18
Q

Example of chemical level

A

Complex protein molecules form filaments that produce the contractions of muscle cells in the heart

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19
Q

Example of cellular level

A

Energy producing organelles provide the energy needed for heart muscle cell contractions

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20
Q

Tissue level example

A

Heart muscle cells interact with/ other types of cells and w/ materials outside the cell to form cardiac muscle tissue

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21
Q

Example of organ level

A

Layers of cardiac muscle tissue in combo w/ another type of tissue called connective tissue, form the bulk of the wall of the heart, which is a hollow 3-D organ

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22
Q

Example of organ system level

A

When the heart contracts, blood is pushed into a network of blood vessels. Together the heart, blood, and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system

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23
Q

Example of organism level

A

An individual is the highest level of organization that we consider. All the bodys organ systems must work together to maintain the life and health of the organism

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24
Q

Integumentary System Major Organs

A

-Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

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25
Integumentary System Functions
1. Physical protection 2. Storage of lipids 3. Coordination of immune response 4. Detection of touch,pain,pressure, vibration and temperature stimuli 5. Synthesis of Vitamin D3 6. Execretion 7. Temp regulation 8. Production of Melanin 9. Production of Keratin
26
Skeletal System Major Organs
-Bones, Cartilage, Associated Ligaments, Bone Marrow
27
Skeletal System Functions
1. Provide support & protection for other tissues 2. Stores calcium & other minerals 3. Forms blood cells
28
Muscular System Major Organs
-Skeletal Muscles and associated tendons
29
Muscular System Functions
1. Movement 2. Protect & Support other tissues 3. Generate Heat & Maintain body temp
30
Nervous System Major Organs
-Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, Sense organs
31
Nervous System Functions
1. Direct immediate response to stimuli 2. Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems 3. Provides & interprets sensory information about external conditions
32
Endocrine Major Organs
Pituitary & Thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, endocrine tissues in other systems
33
Endocrine System Functions
1. Directs long term changes in activity of other organ systems 2. Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
34
Cardiovascular System Major Organs
Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels
35
Cardiovascular System Functions
1. Distribute blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide 2. Distribute heat & assist in control of body temp
36
Lymphatic System Major Organs
Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
37
Lymphatic System Functions
1. Defends against infection & disease 2. Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
38
Respiratory System Major Organs
- Nasal cavitities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
39
Respiratory System Functions
1. Deliver air to alveoli 2. Provide oxygen to bloodstream 3. Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream 4. Produces sounds for communication
40
Digestive System Major Organs
-Teeth,tongue,pharynx,esophagus, stomach,small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
41
Digestive System Major Functions
1. Process & digest food 2. Absorb & conserve water 3. Absorb nutrients 4. Stores energy reverses
42
Urinary System Major Organs
- Kidneys, ureters , urinary bladder, urethra
43
Urinary System Major Functions
1. Excretes waste product from blood 2. Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced 3. Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination 4. Regulates blood ions & pH
44
Male Reproductive System Major Organs
- Testes ,Epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
45
Male Reproductive System Functions
1. Produce sperm 2. Produce seminal fluid 3. Produce hormones 4. Intercourse
46
Female Reproductive System Major Functions
- Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
47
Female Reproductive Major Functions
1. Produce female sex cells (oocytes) & hormones 2. Support developing embryo from conception to delivery 3. Provide milk to nourish infant 4. Intercourse
48
Define Homeostasis
Existence of a stable internal environment. - vital to an organisms survival -failure to maintain homeostasis soon leads to illness or death
49
Homeostatic Regulation (2 Mechanisms)
1 Auto regulation -occurs when: cells,tissues,organs & organ systems adjust response to environment 2. Extrinsic Regulation -organism thru feedback systems
50
Feedback System Components (3)
1. Receptor = detect a change (input) 2. Control Center = process & direct 3. Effector = carries out response (Output)
51
Types of Feedback systems
Negative (Cancels out change) & Positive (amplifies change)
52
Negative Feedback System
Increase in output decreases in input *cancels out change *
53
Positive Feedback System
Output increases in input *Amplifies Change*
54
Define Histology
The study of tissues
55
4 Major Tissue Types
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous
56
Define Epithelial Tissue
- Covers exposed surfaces - lines internal passageways and chambers - forms glands
57
Define Connective Tissue
- Fills internal spaces -provides structural support for other tissues -transports materials within the body -stores energy
58
Define Muscle Tissue
- Specialized for concentration and includes the skeletal muscles of the body, the muscle of the heart, and the muscle walls of hollow organs
59
Define Nervous Tissue
- Carries information from on part of the body to the other through electrical implus
60
Midsaggital plane
Seperates the body into even right and left portions down the midline
61
Define epithelium
1. Covers surfaces, lines cavities and forms glands 2. Cells attached w/ cell junctions 3. Shows polarity **cells attached to basement layer** **top has free surface**
62
Stratified
= more than 1 layer
63
Function of stratified squamos
Physical protection
64
Stratified Squamos are found in
1. Skin 2. Esophagus
65
Function of transitional epithelium
1. Stretching 2. Recoiling
66
Transitional Epithelium are found in
The urinary bladder
67
Simple epithelium
= 1 layer of cells
68
Function of Simple Squamous
Allow for diffusion
69
Simple Squamous are found in
Lungs & capillaries
70
Function of simple cuboidal
Produce secretions
71
Simple cuboidal are found in
Thyroid glands, kidney tubules
72
Function of simple columnar
1. Absorption 2. Protect from chemical stresses
73
Simple columnar are found in
Small intestine
74
Nucleus at the bottom =
Basal nucleus
75
Function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar
1. Protection 2. Secretion 3. Movement of mucus
76
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar are found in
Trachea
77
Three types of connective tissue
1. Fat 2. Bone 3. Blood
78
Functions of connective tissue
1. Structural framework for body 2. Transport fluids and dissolved materials 3. Protect organs 4. Support other types of tissue 5. Defend body from invading organisms
79
Fibers found in connective tissue proper include
1. Collagen 2. Reticular 3. Elastic
80
Examples of connective tissue proper include
1. Adipose tissue 2. Fat 3. Tendons
81
Examples of fluid connective tissue include
1. Blood 2. Lymph
82
Examples of supporting connective tissue include
1. Cartilage 2. Bone
83
Characteristics of collagen fibers
- long, straight and unbranched -flexible like rope. Strong like steel
84
Characteristics of reticular fibers
- thin, form from branching, interwoven framework that is tough yet flexible -interwoven network stroma — stabilizes the relative position of functional cells or parenchyma, of organs like the liver
85
Characteristics of elastic fibers
- contain protein elastin -branched & wavy
86
Function of reticular tissue
Provides supporting framework
87
Reticular tissue can be found in
Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
88
Functions of dense regular connective tissue
- provide firm attachment -conducts pull of muscles - reduces friction between muscles -stabilizes positions of bone
89
Dense regular connective tissue can be found in
- between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons & aponeuroses) - between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs - covering skeletal muscles ; deep fascia
90
Functions of dense irregular connective tissue
- provides strength to resist forces from many directions - help prevent over-expansion of organs such as the bladder
91
Dense irregular connective tissue can be found in
- capsules of visceral organs -periostea and perichondria -nerve and muscle sheaths -dermis
92
Functions of elastic tissue
- stabilizes positions of vertebrae & penis - cushions shocks - permits expansions & contraction of organs
93
Elastic tissue can be found in
- between vertebrae of the spinal column - ligaments supporting penis -ligaments supporting transitional epethelia -blood vessel walls
94
Define blood & lymph
- fluid connective tissues that transport cells and dissolved materials Plasma = watery matrix in blood
95
Areolar connective tissue
- loose irregular arrangement of fibers & cells -collagen fibers -elastic fibers -reticular fibers -fibroblasts -cushions organs -underskin and surrounding organs
96
Adipose connective tissue
- primary cell type is adipocyte -contains large lipid droplet -insulation, energy storage, padding -underlying skin, eye sockets
97
Dense regular connective tissue
-regular arrangement of tightly packed collagen fibers -scattered fibroblasts -resists force in one direction -tendons & ligaments
98
Fluid connective tissue
- cells suspended in plasma (water & protein mix that forms matrix) -transport -within blood vessels
99
Define Supportive connective tissue
Matrix of ground substance complexed w/ carbohydrates w/ chrondrocytes found in lacune - provides structural support
100
Types of supportive connective tissue
1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage
101
Hyaline cartilage
- ends of bone -tightly packed collagen
102
Elastic cartilage
- external ear - elastic fibers
103
Fibrocartilage
- between vertebrae -interwoven collagen
104
Tissue membranes ( 4 types )
1. Mucous membranes 2. Serous membrane 3. Cutaneous membrane 4. Synovial membrane
105
Mucous membrane
* line passageways and chambers that open to the exterior * -perform absorption & secretory functions - contain areolar tissue called lamina propria Ex: digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
106
Serous membrane
-Line the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities -line sealed, internal cavities of the trunk - cavities not open to exterior Peritoneal = internal organs Pleural = lungs Pericardial = heart -minimizes friction between surfaces it covers
107
Involuntary
Cardiac and smooth muscle
108
Can regenerate after an injury
Smooth muscle
109
Striated tissue
Cardiac and smooth muscle
110
Long, slender, multinucleate muscle cells
Skeletal muscle
111
Extensive connections between cells at intercalated discs
Cardiac muscle
112
Produce movement of body, movement of blood within the cardiovascular system, and movement of foodstuffs within the digestive tract
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
113
Macrophage
“Big eater” that scavenges the surrounding tissue
114
Mast cell
Contains histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation
115
Fibroblasts
Secrete protein subunits that interact to form large extracellular fibers
116
Melanocyte
Contains pigment melanin and gives tissue a dark color
117
Adipocytes
Local energy storage
118
Mesenchymal cells
Divide and differentiate to replace damaged tissue
119
Fibrous cartilage =
Supportive connective tissue
120
Adipose tissue =
Connective tissue proper , loose
121
Mesenchyme
Connective tissue proper - embryonic
122
Blood and lymph
Fluid connective tissue
123
Tendons and ligaments
Connective tissue proper - dense
124
What are the 2 layers of the cutaneous membrane?
1. Dermis 2. Epidermis
125
What are the 2 layers of the cutaneous membrane?
1. Dermis 2. Epidermis
126
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis
Stratum corneum
127
What is the subcutaneous layer that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs ?
Hypodermis
128
Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?
Stratum lucidum
129
Secretion that lubricates and inhibits growth of bacteria on the skin is called
Sebum
130
The layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial
1. Stratum germinativum 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum corneum

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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