UNIT 1

Question 1

Levels of organization

Answer 1

atoms–molecules (DNA)–cells–Tissue–organs–organ system–Organism

Question 2

Chemical bond

Answer 2

allow elements to combine and compounds to form.

Question 3

SHAPE & FORM EFFECT:

Answer 3

FUNCTION

Question 4

Similar chemical shapes

Answer 4

mimicking effect ex: Morphine, Heroin & Opiates mimic the effects of endorphins.

Question 5

Synthesis

Answer 5

Combining atoms/molecules to form larger more complex molecules.
- ANABOLIC (energy taken in)
ex: DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

Question 6

Decomposition

Answer 6

Breaking apart molecules (opposite of synthesis).
- CATABOLIC (energy released)
-ex: Hydrolysis

Question 7

Exchange reaction

Answer 7

Bonds made/broken to exchange parts.
(Single/double/displacement)
EX: ATP forming phosphate and ADP

Question 8

Factors influencing rate of reaction

Answer 8

increase in:
- TEMPERATURE
- PRESSURE
- Concentration
- Catalyst
- smaller particle size

Question 9

Mixtures

Answer 9

Two or more compounds physically mixed and NOT chemically bonded
ex: blood

Question 10

Solution

Answer 10

Homogeneous mixture
ex: urine

Question 11

Major elements

Answer 11

(96%)
- Carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- Nitrogen

Question 12

Inorganic compound examples

Answer 12

Water, salts, many acids and bases

Question 13

What are salts

Answer 13

• Dissolve in water
• contains cations other than (H+)
• Contains anions other than (OH-
• Electrolytes: conduct electrical currents in solution

Question 14

pH

Answer 14

Neutral: 7
Blood: 7.4

Question 15

Buffers

Answer 15

Chemical systems that resist abrupt/large swings in pH of body fluids

EX: Carbonic acid- Bicarbonate

-resists pH changes in the blood

Question 16

Types of organic Compounds

Answer 16

Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Question 17

Monomers and Polymers

Answer 17

Build Large chains of carbons called Macromolecules

Question 18

Macro molecules

Answer 18

Cells build macromolecules by bonding small molecules (monomers) together to form long chains (polymers)

Question 19

Carbohydrates

Answer 19

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1:2:1

Question 20

Functions of carbs

Answer 20

Major fuel source for cells, structural role

Question 21

examples of carbs

Answer 21

• monosaccharides or simple sugars
• Disaccharides (double)
• Polysaccharides

Question 22

Monosaccharides

Answer 22

• Sucrose
• Maltose
• Lactose

Question 23

Sucrose

Answer 23

Glucose & Fructose

Question 24

Maltose

Answer 24

Glucose & Glucose

Question 25

Lactose

Answer 25

Galactose & Glucose

Question 26

Polysaccharides

Answer 26

many linked sugars

Question 27

Polysaccharides examples

Answer 27

Starch (plants) & Glycogen (animal tissue)

Question 28

Lipids (fats)

Answer 28

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen: much less oxygen then in carbs tho.

Question 29

Lipids examples:

Answer 29

- Neutral fats (triglycerides - Steroids - Phospholipids

Question 30

Lipids (triglycerides) structure

Answer 30

LONG CHAIN Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol.

Question 31

Neutral fats location:

Answer 31

Found in subcutaneous tissue and around organs (good for long term energy).

Question 32

Phospholipids Location:

Answer 32

cell membranes

Question 33

Steroids location

Answer 33

Flat molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings. - cholesterol

Question 34

Fat-Soluble vitamins

Answer 34

Vitamins A, E and K

Question 35

Proteins:

Answer 35

Monomer= Amino acids bound with peptide bond Contains: CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN & NITROGEN

Question 36

Amino Acids:

Answer 36

Contain an AMINO group (NH2) and a CARBOXYL group (COOH)

Question 37

Amino acid structure

Answer 37

looks like stick figure with its hands in the air

Question 38

Functions of proteins

Answer 38

Structure and Mechanical processes, Enzymes (Lactase), Transport (Hemoglobin), Movement (muscles), Hormones (Insulin) Immunity (Antibodies) Support (collagen)

Question 39

Catalyst

Answer 39

Speeds up reaction by lowering the activation energy.

Question 40

Denaturation

Answer 40

protein unfolds and losses 3d shape as well as function

Question 41

Causes of denaturation

Answer 41

Low pH; High temp

Question 42

Nucleic Acids compostion

Answer 42

CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN & PHOSPHORUS

Question 43

Nucleic Acids stores?

Answer 43

Stores hereditary info

Question 44

Nucleic Acid Monomer?

Answer 44

Nucleotide

Question 45

Nucleotides

Answer 45

contain: - Nitrogen base - Pentose sugar - Phosphate group

Question 46

Types of Nucleotides:

Answer 46

- Adenine - Thymine - Cytosine - Guanine

Question 47

DNA

Answer 47

provides instruction for Protein synthesis

Question 48

RNA

Answer 48

Helps with protein synthesis

Question 49

MRNA

Answer 49

Carries DNA messages out of the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm

Question 50

rRNA

Answer 50

Makes up Ribosomes

Question 51

tRNA

Answer 51

transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to the ribosomes to be made into proteins.

Question 52

TO GET ENERGY FROM ATP

Answer 52

break bond to remove the last phosphate.

Question 53

Process to release energy?

Answer 53

cellular respiration

Question 54

Cell life

Answer 54

- Birth: Cells grow and divide - Communicate with friends= Cell signaling - Growth & job specialization= Differentiation - Gets old & Dies

Question 55

What causes Cell death

Answer 55

External (lack of oxygen, stress, damage) & Internal signals (DNA damage)

Question 56

NECROSIS

Answer 56

CELL EXPLODES!

Question 57

APOPTOSIS

Answer 57

CELL IMPLODES

Question 58

Mutation

Answer 58

Permanent changes in the DNA sequence

Question 59

Mutagen

Answer 59

Any factor that causes change to DNA or causes rapid division.

Question 60

Carbs examples

Answer 60

Glucose, lactose, fructose, starch, glycogens

Question 61

Lipids

Answer 61

Fats, oils cell membrane, hormones, long term energy storage.

Question 62

Proteins

Answer 62

(monomer=Amino acids); Enzymes, eggs/meat/hair, immunity, support, structure

Question 63

nucleic Acids

Answer 63

DNA, RNA, Genetics, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS