Unit 5 bones

Question 1

Types of cartilage

Answer 1

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Question 2

Types of hyaline

Answer 2

Articular, intercostal, respiratory, nasal

Question 3

Covers the ends of long bones

Answer 3

Articular cartilage

Question 4

Connects the ribs to the sternum

Answer 4

Intercostal cartilage

Question 5

Makes up the larynx and reinforces air passages

Answer 5

Respiratory cartilage

Question 6

Supports the nose

Answer 6

Nasal cartilage
(type of hyaline cartilage)

Question 7

Elastic cartilage

Answer 7

similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers

FOUND in extrnal ear and layrinx.

Question 8

what type of cartilage is found in external ear and epiglottis (larynx)

Answer 8

elastic cartilage

Question 9

fibrocartilage

Answer 9

highly compressed with great (tensile) strength,
found in menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs.

Question 10

growth from the perichondrium (outside wall) inwards toward the middle

Answer 10

appositional

Question 11

chondrocytes (cartilage cells) divide and grow within matrix and expand from middle.

inside to outside

Answer 11

interstitial

Question 12

calcification of cartilage occurs

Answer 12

1)During normal bone growth
2)during old age
(solidification with calcium salts.)

Question 13

Axial

Answer 13

bones of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage.

Question 14

appendicular

Answer 14

bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip.

Question 15

bones longer than they are wide

Answer 15

long bone

Question 16

short bones

Answer 16

cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
bones that form within tendons (ex; patella)

Question 17

Flat bones

Answer 17

thin, flattened and a bit curved (flat and over an area)

Question 18

irregular

Answer 18

bones with complicated shapes

Question 19

functions of bones

Answer 19

1) support- form the framework and the body and cradles soft organs
2) protect- provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs.
3) movement- provide levers for muscles
4) mineral storage- reservoir for growth factor minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
5) blood cell formation: hematopoiesis occurs within marrow of bones. (red marrow)

Question 20

Ends of bones in long bones

Answer 20

Epiphysis

Question 21

Epiphysis

Answer 21

Ends of bones
- spongy bone
-red bone marrow
LONG BONE ONLY

Question 22

Diaphysis

Answer 22

Middle section
ALL BONES
Yellow bone marrow
Fat

Question 23

Covers the Epiphysis

Answer 23

Articular cartilage

Question 24

Hard bone

Answer 24

Compact bone

Question 25

Endosteum

Answer 25

a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of bones

Question 26

Hollow middle cavity

Answer 26

Medullary cavity

Question 27

Thin layer of connective tissue covering outside the bone.

Answer 27

Periosteum Peri= outside

Question 28

Where do stem cells exist

Answer 28

Both red and yellow marrow

Question 29

Compact bone

Answer 29

Dense outer layer

Question 30

Diaphysis Spongy bone

Answer 30

Honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow marrow

Question 31

Partitions or dividers inside bone

Answer 31

Trabeculae

Question 32

NO NEED FOR THIS: water soluble lipid soluble aids in digestion and utilize food energy fight infection and help produce/build collagen Helps gather calcium and Phosphorus Helps make WBC and shapes bones. anti-oxidizers, helps in Homeostasis

Answer 32

Vitamin C and B K B C D A E K

Question 33

Cartilage

Answer 33

very fine fibers NO blood/nerve supply Chondrocytes surrounded by Perichondrium

Question 34

red marrow

Answer 34

typically only in long bones creating one red Blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells IN EPIPHYSIS

Question 35

yellow marrow

Answer 35

fat storage Mesenchymal stem cells that differentiate into fat, cartilage and bone

Question 36

long bones

Answer 36

have epiphysis and diaphysis

Question 37

diaphysis

Answer 37

tubular shaft that forms the axis (middle) of long bones composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity. yellow bone marrow in the medullary cavity.

Question 38

Epiphysis

Answer 38

expanded ends exterior is compact bone; interior is spongy bone Joint surface is covered with articular Hyaline cartilage

Question 39

Epiphyseal line (growth plate)

Answer 39

separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis

Question 40

Articular cartilage

Answer 40

covers surface of the epiphysis decreases friction at the joint surface.

Question 41

periosteum

Answer 41

double layered protective membrane - outer fibrous is dense regular connective tissue - inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts - nutrient foramina - connected to underlying bone by sharpey's fibers

Question 42

osteoblast

Answer 42

create new bone and matrix

Question 43

osteoclasts

Answer 43

break down bone to release calcium.

Question 44

nutrient foramina

Answer 44

(hole for artery) bone is richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels.

Question 45

delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone.

Answer 45

endosteum

Question 46

4 types of bone cells

Answer 46

1) osteoblasts (bone-forming & matrix forming) 2) osteocytes (mature bone cells) 3) osteoclasts (large that resorb/break down bone matrix) for remodeling or calcium release. 4) osteoid: unmineralized bone matrix composed of (proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen).

Question 47

Hydroxyapatite (mineral salts)

Answer 47

calcium + Phosphate 65% of bone mass responsible for bone hardness and resistance to compression.

Question 48

What does calcium do?

Answer 48

Binds together collagenous fibers and makes it more sturdy .

Question 49

Osteogenesis

Answer 49

development of bones

Question 50

ossification

Answer 50

hardening of bone

Question 51

intramembranous ossification

Answer 51

bone developments from a fibrous membrane

Question 52

Endochondral ossification

Answer 52

bone forms by replacing Hyaline cartilage

Question 53

Epiphyseal growth plates

Answer 53

regions where growth occurs IN LONG BONES

Question 54

Bone growth younger vs older

Answer 54

younger: hyaline cartilage older: bone

Question 55

Epiphyseal growth plates are activated by

Answer 55

human growth hormone (HGH)

Question 56

Vitamin D

Answer 56

the body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium no vitamin D= no hormone calcitriol= no dietary calcium absorption

Question 57

Wolff's law

Answer 57

bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it.

Question 58

Bone Repairs

Answer 58

1) HEMATOMA FORMS: Blood enters the woods, phagocytes eat dead bones etc. 2) CALLUS FORMS: matrix forms 3) CALLUS OSSIFIES: spongy bone forms to replace the cartilage (OSSIFICATION) 4) COMPACT BONE FORMS: osteoclasts form a larger medullar cavity, spongy bone is converted to compact bone.