Unit 1

Question 1

Polarity (use water as an example)

Answer 1

having a positive and negative side

water molecule has positive hydrogens and a negative oxygen

Question 2

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 2

An IMF between molecules involving the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as N, O, or F and another very electronegative atom. H-bonds are weaker than ionic and covalent bonds

Question 3

Cohesion

Answer 3

the attraction between two of the same substances

Question 4

Adhesion

Answer 4

the attraction between two different substances

Question 5

Surface tension

Answer 5

The property of a surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force due to the cohesive nature of water molecules

Question 6

Atom

Answer 6

the basic building block of chemistry

Question 7

Molecule

Answer 7

group of atoms bonded together

Question 8

Chemical Bond

Answer 8

attraction between atoms, often associations between electrons

Question 9

CHO (carbs)

Answer 9

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

• components of carbs

Carbs ration of CHO = 1:2:1

Question 10

CHO (lipids)

Answer 10

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

• components of lipids

Lipids ration of CHO = 1:2:less than 1

Question 11

CHONS

Answer 11

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur

• components of proteins

Question 12

CHOPN

Answer 12

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Nitrogen

• components of nucleic acids

Question 13

Covalent bond ( The following are types of covalent bonds in different biological molecules:Ester bond, Phosphodiester bond, glycosidic bond, peptide bond)

Answer 13

a kind of bond when a pair of electrons is shared by atoms

Question 14

Hydroxyl group

Answer 14

an OH as a group usually attached to a molecule/other atoms

Question 15

Carboxyl group

Answer 15

COOH as a group usually attached to a molecule/other atoms

Question 16

Monomer

Answer 16

basic building block for the bigger molecules ex. monosaccharide (glucose) is a monomer for carbohydrates

Question 17

Hydrolysis

Answer 17

Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

Question 18

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 18

Monomers are joined by the removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other monomer at the site of bond formation

Question 19

Linear vs branched carbs

Answer 19

Carbohydrates have different structures which include a linear straight kind or one that branches off and this affects their function

Question 20

carbohydrates

Answer 20

Monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose

Question 21

Protein

Answer 21

Monomers of proteins are amino acids.

the specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain (primary structure) determines the overall shape of the protein.

Question 22

Lipids

Answer 22

Monomers of triglycerides are made of glycerol and fatty acids linked together. Examples of lipids include fats, steroids, and waxes.

Question 23

Nucleic acids

Answer 23

Monomers of nucleic acids are called nucleotides

Question 24

Glucose

Answer 24

energy source and simple sugar

Question 25

Starch

Answer 25

polysaccharides for energy storage in plants

Question 26

Glycogen

Answer 26

polysaccharides for energy storage in animals

Question 27

Fatty acid

Answer 27

building block for lipids

Question 28

Ribose sugar

Answer 28

backbone for RNA

Question 29

Deoxyribose sugar

Answer 29

backbone for DNA

Question 30

Nitrogenous base

Answer 30

one of the blocks for nucleic acids and has nitrogen

Question 31

Sugar phosphate backbone

Answer 31

is in nucleic acids and sugar and phosphate blocks are every other

Question 32

Phosphate group

Answer 32

a block in DNA and RNA

Question 33

Amino acid

Answer 33

building blocks for proteins these have directionality

Question 34

Amino terminus

Answer 34

has the NH side of the acid

Question 35

Carboxyl terminus

Answer 35

has the COOH end of the acid

Question 36

R group

Answer 36

The R group of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophillic, or ionic), and the interactions of these R groups determine structure and function of that region of the protein

Question 37

Primary protein structure

Answer 37

primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids covalently bonded together

Question 38

Secondary protein structure

Answer 38

secondary structure that arises hydrogen bonding between the amino acid chain into elements such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets

Question 39

Tertiary protein structure

Answer 39

tertiary structure that is the overall three dimensional shape of the protein due to hydrophobic interactions, hydrophilic interactions, ionic interactions, and covalent disulfide bridges between cysteine amino acids

Question 40

Quaternary protein structure

Answer 40

quaternary structure that arises from interactions between multiple polypeptide units.

Question 41

Alpha helix

Answer 41

a section of amino acids in a protein that are in coil

Question 42

Beta pleated sheets

Answer 42

the pleated amino acids in the protein structure, usually secondary structure

Question 43

Hydrophobic

Answer 43

repels water

Question 44

Hydrophilic

Answer 44

attracts water

Question 45

Ionic

Answer 45

interaction of attraction between oppositely charge ions

Question 46

Polymer

Answer 46

-a long molecule consisting of similar or identical building blocks -blocks known as monomers -joined through covalent bonds -dehydration synthesis

Question 47

Polar

Answer 47

molecule with a positive end and a negative end

Question 48

Nonpolar

Answer 48

molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends

Question 49

DNA

Answer 49

Contains genes that code for proteins

Question 50

RNA

Answer 50

makes proteins after translating the genetic code from dna

Question 51

Isomer

Answer 51

One of two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms within the molecules and that may have different physical/chemical properties.

Question 52

radioactive labeling

Answer 52

is a technique that involves replacing atoms in a compound with their radioactive isotopes to track the compound's movement through a biological system.