Unit 5

Question 1

Meiosis

Answer 1

cell division for sex cells that makes unique daughters instead of the identical ones made during mitosis

Question 2

Diploid

Answer 2

two whole sets of chromosomes, one of each is from a different parent

Question 3

Haploid

Answer 3

only a single set of chromosomes

Question 4

Meiosis 1

Answer 4

creates two daughter cells that have HALF THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells

Question 5

Meiosis 2

Answer 5

number of chromosomes DOESN’T change, creates two more daughter cells

Question 6

Maternal chromosomes

Answer 6

has 23 chromosomes in each egg, these get incorporated into the child which will have 46 total chromosomes

XX

Question 7

Paternal chromosomes

Answer 7

has 23 chromosomes in each sperm, these get incorporated into the child which will have 46 total chromosomes

XY

Question 8

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 8

the chromosomes that are paired together, each one is from a parent and they carry similar gene content/information, even if the specifics are slightly different for the different traits.. similar not identical

Question 9

Crossing over

Answer 9

the exchange of genes between two chromosomes which then makes the chromatids different (chromatids are the two lines that make the x that is the chromosome)

HAPPENS DURING PROPHASE 1 OF MEIOSIS

Question 10

Recombination

Answer 10

RESULT OF CROSSING OVER
HAPPENS DURING PRO 1

happens when DNA from the mom and dad genes are exchanged to create a new combination for the kid

Question 11

Genetic diversity

Answer 11

how much genetic variation is there between organisms of the same species

Question 12

Independent assortment

Answer 12

how genes are distributed is independent - basically the allele for one gamete doesn’t affect the allele received for another gamete

all possible combinations of alleles for each gene is EQUALLY POSSIBLE and likely to occur

Question 13

Gametes

Answer 13

just any reproductive cells like sperms or eggs

Question 14

Sexual reproduction vs asexual reproduction

Answer 14

Basically meiosis and mitosis respectively

meiosis - makes unique daughters
mitosis - makes identical daughters

Question 15

Fertilization

Answer 15

fusion of a sperm and egg cell

Question 16

Zygote

Answer 16

what is created after fertilization, it is a single cell that is the result of the fusion of a sperm and egg cell

Question 17

Mendel’s law of segregation

Answer 17

When gametes form, each gene separates so that there is only one allele for each gene

Basically, the organism gives the gamete only ONE copy of one of its genes.

Question 18

Mendel’s Law of independent assortment

Answer 18

alleles of different genes get sorted into gametes independently of each other

so receiving one allele for a gene doesn’t affect the allele that the gamete receives for other genes.

Question 19

Allele

Answer 19

one of the two pieces of genetic information that makes up a gene

basically represents the genotype of a specific gene

(Pp or Aa Bb etc.)

Question 20

Gene

Answer 20

it is information that calls for a specific trait, and it is made up of two alleles (one from each parent )

Question 21

Dominant

Answer 21

a trait that will be expressed if at least one parent passes it on

Question 22

Recessive

Answer 22

for it to be expressed both parents would need to pass it on

Question 23

Genotype

Answer 23

basically what the combination of alleles looks like

homozygous = same alleles
heterozygous = different alleles

Question 24

Phenotype

Answer 24

the physical properties of an organism, basically how the genotype is shown physically

Question 25

Wild type vs mutant

Answer 25

wild type - what the phenotype of species would like normally and naturally mutant - when alleles mutate the species may look different

Question 26

Monohybrid cross

Answer 26

cross between two organisms that have homozygous genotypes

Question 27

Dihybrid cross

Answer 27

cross between two organisms that are heterozygous in the same way

Question 28

Sex-linked

Answer 28

determined by genes that are on the sex chromosomes like XX and XY

Question 29

Gene linkage

Answer 29

genes closer together are usually linked and get inherited as a unit

Question 30

Pedigree

Answer 30

a system that is used to analyze the patterns of inheritance, usually of specific traits

Question 31

Incomplete dominance

Answer 31

Where both alleles are partially expressed think allele for red and allele for white both being expressed resulting in pink phenotype

Question 32

Codominance

Answer 32

where both alleles are expressed equally, neither is dominant or recessive think speckled cats, the two colors are expressed equally

Question 33

Multiple alleles

Answer 33

the different versions of a trait that exist like fur color is one gene but there are many different types of alleles

Question 34

mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA)

Answer 34

circular chromosomes found inside the mitochondria

Question 35

Non-nuclear inheritance (maternal inheritance of chloroplast and mitochondria)

Answer 35

inheritance of genetic material from DNA found in cytoplasm

Question 36

Sperm

Answer 36

gametes from the father

Question 37

Egg

Answer 37

gametes from the mother

Question 38

Plant ovule

Answer 38

kind of equivalent to eggs in other organisms

Question 39

Plant pollen

Answer 39

equivalent to the sperm of other organisms

Question 40

Nondisjunction meiosis 1 vs Meiosis 2

Answer 40

M1: when cells divide during this, there are unusual numbers of chromosomes in the two cells that will then enter m2 (like one chromosome in one cell and three in the other) M2: receives normal amounts of chromosomes in each of the two cells from m1 but then during division of m2 some chromosomes don't split so the four daughter cells made from m2 have uneven amounts of chromosomes