Unit 1: Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
Anatomical Position
A
Standing position, palms forward.
2
Q
Anterior
A
In front of. Towards the front of the body.
3
Q
Posterior
A
Behind. Towards the back of the body.
4
Q
Superior
A
“Above” another part of the body.
5
Q
Inferior
A
“Below” another part of the body.
6
Q
Medial
A
Toward midline of body
7
Q
Lateral
A
Toward outside of body
8
Q
Proximal
A
Nearer to attachment trunk
*For limb
9
Q
Distal
A
Further from attachment trunk
*For limb
10
Q
Rostral
A
Towards nose
11
Q
Cranial
A
Towards head
12
Q
Caudal
A
Towards tail/coccyx
13
Q
Prone
A
Face down
14
Q
Supine
A
Face up
15
Q
Coronal plane
A
Division= anterior/posterior
16
Q
Transverse plane
A
Division= upper/lower
17
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Division= left/right
18
Q
Midsagittal plane
A
Division= exactly in 1/2 down midline
19
Q
5 Functions of epithelial tissue:
A
- Protection
- Selective permeability
-Diffusion
-Absorption - Secretion
- Sensation
- Surface Parallel transport
20
Q
True or false: Epithelial tissue is highly vascular.
A
FALSE. It is highly AVASCULAR.
21
Q
True or false: Epithelial tissue regenerates quickly.
A
TRUE!
22
Q
True or false: There is polarity between apical (exposed) and basal (attached to underlying tissue) surface
A
TRUE!
23
Q
shape -Squamous:
A
Flattened and thin
24
Q
shape -Cuboidal:
A
Like a cube or box, wide as it is tall
25
shape -Columnar:
Like a rectangular cube, taller than it is wide
26
number of cell layers -Simple
single layer of cells.
every layer rests on basal lamina
27
number of cell layers -Stratified
more than one layer of cells.
only basal layer rests on basal lamina
28
number of cell layers -
Pseudo-stratified
Only one layer of cells, but the height of the cells vary. Only some cells have an apical surface that reaches the free surface of the epithelium.
29
Where would you find simple squamous?
Alveoli.
**Allows materials to pass through quickly via simple diffusion or filtration
30
Where would you find Stratified Squamous?
Skin
**More layers = more layers to lose before damage reaches underlying tissue. So it is found in places exposed to physical and chemical wear and tear.
31
Where would you find Simple Cuboidal?
Certain Glands. Kidney Tubules.
**Cuboidal shape allows for some space for intracellular processing of absorbed substances or production of substances to be secreted without being overly thick.
32
Where would you find Stratified Cuboidal?
*Not being tested
33
Where would you find Simple Columnar?
Digestive Tract
**Columnar shape allows for ample space for intracellular processing of absorbed substances or production of substances to be secreted.
34
Where would you find Stratified Columnar?
*Not being tested
35
Where would you find Pseudostratified columnar?
Trachea
**Cilia function to move substances along the surface of the epithelium primarily in locations without smooth muscle to move the substances through tract.
36
Function of Simple Squamous:
Allow materials to pass through quickly via simple diffusion or filtration
37
Function of Simple Cuboidal:
Secretion and absorption
38
Function of Simple Columnar:
Absorption and Secretion
39
Function of Pseudostratified Columnar
Surface parallel transport (moving substances across the free surface of the epithelium). Also secretion of the mucous.
40
Function of Stratified Squamous:
Protection
41
Function of Transitional:
Allows urinary organs to expand and stretch, such as when the bladder fills with urine.
42
Excitability:
Can RESPOND to stimulus
43
Extensibility:
Can STRETCH beyond resting length fiber (voluntary or involuntary)
44
Contractibility:
Can contract
45
Elasticity:
Can return to original length when relaxed
46
Myocyte shape:
-Cardiac
-Smooth
-Skeletal
Cardiac-Small, short, branched
Smooth-Small, spindle-shaped (wide in middle & tapered on each end, somewhat like a football)
Skeletal-Large, long, cylindrical
47
Striated?
-Cardiac
-Smooth
-Skeletal
Cardiac-Yes
Smooth-No
Skeletal-Yes
48
Voluntary or Involuntary:
-Cardiac
-Smooth
-Skeletal
Cardiac-Involuntary
Smooth-Involuntary
Skeletal-Voluntary
49
Location:
-Cardiac
-Smooth
-Skeletal
Cardiac-Heart Wall
Smooth-Walls of many internal organs and passageways (digestive, respiratory, blood vessels, etc.) eye, skin, etc.
Skeletal-Muscles acting on the limbs & trunk, muscles of facial expression, external sphincters regulating passage out of the body
50
Function:
-Cardiac
-Smooth
-Skeletal
Cardiac: Circulate heart
Smooth:
-Move food, urine, reproductive secretions through their respective systems
-Control the diameter of blood vessels, respiratory tracts, iris.
Skeletal:
-Movement or stabilization of the skeleton
-guard entrances and/or exits for the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems
-Heat production
-Protects internal organs.
51
Connected by Intercalated Discs with gap junctions?
-Cardiac
-Smooth
-Skeletal
Cardiac- Yes
Smooth- No
Skeletal- No
52
Capable of cell division to produce more muscle cells
-Cardiac
-Smooth
-Skeletal
Cardiac- No
Smooth- Yes
Skeletal- No
53
How is a skeletal muscle broken down?
-Skeletal muscle
-Muscle Fasicle
-Muscle Fiber
54
What surrounds each unit of a skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscle -Epimysium
Muscle Fascicle -perimysium
Muscle Fibers -Endomysium
55
Define Head:
Bony exapnsion carried on a narrow neck
56
Define Fossa:
Shallow basin-like depression
57
Define Condyle:
Large rounded articular surface
58
Define foramen:
Round or oval hole through a bone
59
Define facet
Flat articular surface
60
Define canal:
Elongated passage in bone
61
Define Tuberosity:
Large rounded projection, may be roughened.
62
Intramembrous ossification:
Converst mesenchymal connective tissue cells DIRECTLY to bone
63
Endochondral ossification:
Hyaline cartilage blueprint which is then converted into bone.
Primary (center of bone is penetrated by artery) and secondary ossification (epiphyseal ends of bone become vascularized) centers.
64
Central canal:
Provides a pathway through the osteon for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
65
Lamellae
Concentric rings of organized osteons found in compact bone
66
Spongy bone often does not contain osteons, rather ______ which are irregularly branched layers of lamellae and osteocytes
trabeculae
67
Articulation:
a joint or juncture between bones or cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate.
68
Crest, Epicondyle, Line, Process, Spine, Trochanter, Tubercle, Tuberosity
...are all examples of what?
Muscle and Ligament Attachment
69
Condyle, Facet, Head
... are examples of what?
Articulating surfaces
70
Fossa, Sulcus, Groove
... are examples of what?
Depressions
71
Fissure, Foramen, Notch, Canal, Meatus
... are examples of what?
Openings/spaces
72
Axial Skeleton:
Bones of the head, neck, back and chest
73
Appendicular skeleton:
All other bones. The bones that append to the axial skeleton **appendages
74
Synarthrosis (functional classification)
An immobile or nearly immobile joint
Ex:
Some fibrous joints (structural classification)
Sutures
Gomphosis
Some cartilaginous joints (structural classification)
Synchondrosis
75
Amiphiarthrosis (functional classification)
A joint with limited mobility
Ex:
Some fibrous joints (structural classification)
Syndesmosis
Some cartilaginous joints (structural classification)
Symphysis
76
Diarthrosis (functional classification)
A freely mobile joint
Ex:
Synovial joints (structural classification)
77
What do fat pads do?
Protect articular cartilages in the joint
78
Define bursae:
Small, synovial fluid filled pockets in connective tissue are called
79
Tip toe = what?
Plantar flexion
80
Flexing your foot =?
Dorsiflexion
81
Ligament
Bone to bone connection
82
Tendon
Muscle to bone connection
83
Granular Leukocytes include which 3:
1. Neutrophils (MOST) --phagocytic
2. Eosinophils --allergies +parasites
3. Basophils --inflammation
84
Agranular Leukocytes include which 2:
1. Lymphocytes: T (thymus) +NK cells attack other cells, B cell (bone marrow) release antibodies. (SECOND MOST)
2. Monocytes: Engulf pathogens
85
What is the lumen of a blood vessel?
The passageway through which blood flows.
86
True or false: Arteries have thicker walls to accommodate for higher pressure being pumped from heart?
True!
87
True or false: Arteries have smaller lumens than veins?
True! This helps maintain pressure of flow through arteries.
88
True or false: Veins have thinner walls, wider lumen, and one way valves to assist in the return of blood to the heart?
TRUE!
89
What is Vasa vasorum?
Small blood vessels in the walls of blood vessels that supply nutrients to the blood vessel itself.
90
Order of size for arteries and veins:
Tunica Interna
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Arteries (thickest to thinnest):
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Tunica Intima
Veins (thickest to thinnest):
Tunica Externa
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima
91
What is the adventitia of blood vessels?
The adventitia is a relatively thin layer comprising collagen and elastic fibers (restrains vessel from excessive extension and recoil)
*Lymphatic vessels run in this layer, as do the vasa vasorum.
92
Order of least to most holes in these capillaries:
Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoid.
Continuous (found in most vascularized tissues) --contain the occasional incomplete tight junction.
Fenestrated (small intestine, and kidneys)
Sinusoid (incomplete basement membrane), found in liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes.
93
The wall is composed of an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue
a middle layer with sheets of smooth muscle and an elastic framework
thin, smooth epithelial inner layer bound to areolar tissue.
True!
94
True/false: there is areolar tissue bound to the smooth epithelial inner layer?
TRUE!
95
Do arteries or veins have more smooth muscle?
Arteries
96
Do arteries or veins have more elastic fibers?
Arteries
97
What is collateral circulation?
Collateral circulation is alternate or “backup” blood vessels in your body that can take over when another artery or vein becomes blocked or damaged.
98
Define the Lymphatic System:
The lymphatic system is the system of vessels, cells, and organs that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and filter pathogens from the blood.
99
What is lymph?
Lymph contains a liquid matrix and white blood cells.
100
define interstitial space:
The space between individual cells in tissue
101
What is one major distinction between cardiovascular system and lymphatic system?
lymph is not actively pumped by the heart but is forced through the vessels by the movements of the body, the contraction of skeletal muscles during body movements, and breathing
**think lymph draining
102
In comparison to veins, lymphatic vessels...
have overlapping endothelial cells that allow the passage of large materials
103
Does the thoracic duct collect lymph from both sides of the body?
YES!
104
Right Lymphatic Duct:
Receives lymph from upper right side of body. (compared to everything else that utilizes the thoracic duct. There is no left lymphatic duct)
105
Largest to smallest lymphatic vessels:
Ducts, Trunks, Vessels, Capillaries
106
Which is more permeable lymphatic capillaries or blood capillaries?
LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
107
True/false: lymphatic capillaries are larger, more permeable, and have more gaps between their endothelial cells.
True (Synoid capillaries)
108
True or false lymphatic capillaries are only located around vital organs?
True!
109
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Thymus and bone marrow (produce lymphocytes)
110
Difference between lymph nodes and lymphoid nodules:
Lymph nodules form in regions of frequent exposure to microorganisms or foreign materials and contribute to the defense against them.
**The nodule differs from a lymph node in that it is much smaller and does not have a well-defined connective-tissue capsule as a boundary
111
Embryonic vs fetal period:
Embryonic = 0-week 8
Fetal period = week9-birth
112
Week 1 of development:
1. Embryo enters the uterus (around day 3 ish, embeds itself in uterus around day 7)
2. Marked by repeated and rapid cell division
113
Week 2 of development:
1. Placental development begins
2. Amniotic fluid begins to form
**supporting structures form
114
Week 3 of development:
1. Embryo takes the form of a 3-layered oval-shaped disc
2. Organ systems BEGIN to form
3. Caudal and cranial ends are established even though they aren't as clearly visible
4. Nervous system BEGINS to form
115
Week 4
1. All organ systems exist and are in the process of forming, though they have a long way to go before they are even considered rudimentary structures
2. Cephalocaudal folding occurs
3. Transverse folding occurs
4. The limbs begin to form
116
Week 7-8
1. Separate fingers and toes are formed
2. Muscles are capable of contraction, though uncontrolled movement
117
Does the embryo implant within 24 hours of fertilization?
NO --think plan B (yikers)
118
True or false: all organ systems are present in rudimentary form by the end of week 8?
TRUE!
119
True or false the heart begins to beat on day 21-22 post fertilization?
TRUE!
120
Do the 3 layers of disc in the embryo form during week 3?
YES!
121
When do organ systems BEGIN to develop?
Week 3
122
When are all organ system present (though not even rudimentarily yet)
Week 4 all are present
123
What week does folding occur?
Week 4
124
When does the heart beat post fertilization?
Day 21-22 (end of the 3rd week/start of 4th)
125
back to the beginning lol --sorry this is out of order future Kate ;)
love you so much babes!!
126
What are the 4 major body tissues?
1. Epithelial (epidermis and dermis, lines all surfaces of the body and many glands)
2. Connective (loose and dense... fat, bone, tendon, etc.)
3. Muscle (Skeletal, cardiac, smooth)
4. Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
127
What are the 5 functions of the epithelial tissue?
1. Protection
2. Selective Permeability
3. Secretion
4. Sensation
5. Surface parallel transport (ex. cilia)
128
What are the 4 characteristics of epithelial tissue?
1. Highly cellular tissue (no extracellular material between cells)
2. Avascular (no blood cells)
3. Regeneration (rapidly replace/slough off)
4. Polarity (Apical --exposed. vs Basal-- attached to basement. membranes)
129
What is the basement membrane:
Sits just below the basal surface of epithelial cells and anchors the tissue to underlying tissue
**It is composed of the basal lamina (attaches to basal epithelium) and the reticular lamina (attaches to underlying tissue)
130
What are 2 apical features of epithelial cells?
1. Cilia --movement
2. Microvilli --surface area
131
What are the 4 kinds of intracellular junctions?
1. Tight junctions --zipper
2. Adhering junctions--belt
3. Desmosome--button
4. Gap junction -- allow communication (ex. in cardiac tissue with intercalated disks)
132
Endocrine vs exocrine gland:
Endocrine=ductless gland that releases hormones into bloodstream and surrounding tissues
Exocrine= Secretes from a duct that opens to a surface
--ex: goblet cell --secrets mucin which becomes mucous when combined with water
133
What are 3 common characteristics of connective tissues:
1. Cells
2. Large amounts of ground substance (liquid and protein fibers)
3. Protein fibers
134
What are 5 functions of connective tissues:
1. supporting and connective tissues (tendons, skeleton)
2. Protection
3. Defense
4. Transport (ex. blood/lymph)
5. Energy storage (adipose)
135
What are the types of connective tissue proper?
1. Loose connective
-Areolar (everywhere ish), adipose, reticular (anchor basement membrane to underlying tissue)
2. Dense connective
-Dense regular (tendon/ligament)
-Dense irregular (skin)
-Elastic
136
What are the two types of Supporting connective tissue?
1. Cartilage
2. Bone
137
What is the one type of fluid connective tissue?
1. Blood
138
What is connective tissue proper?
-Mostly fibroblasts (secrete collagen, elastin, reticular fibers)
-adipocytes --produce adipose
-Mesenchymal cells
139
What are mesenchymal cells?
Multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), myocytes (muscle cells) and adipocytes
140
Where is areolar loose connective tissue found?
Underlying most epithelia (includingg skin, muscle, and bone). It is random and web-like. Fills space as well.
141
Where is reticular loose connective tissue found?
In soft organs like th spleen, liver, and lymph tissue.
It is mesh-like and is a supportive framework
Holds blood in place
142
Are Neurons Polar? Why?
YES! Neurons are polar because information can then flow in only 1 direction (dendrites to cell body to axon to synapse etc.)
143
What are the 6 types of Glial cells and where are they located? What is a glial cell?
Glial cell is a cell that supports the neurons.
4 in CNS
______________
1. Astrocytes:
-fill space and hold things together
-inflammatory response
-blood-brain barrier
2. Microglia: Immune cells of brain. Phagocytize debris.
3. Oligodendrocytes:
-Myelinate axons NOT 1 to 1
4. Ependymal cells:
-Make CSF and cilia move CSF
___________________________________
2 in PNS!!!
________________________
5. Schwann Cells
-Myelinate axons 1 to 1 in PNS!!
6. Satellite Cells
-Kind of like astrocytes in PNS. Surround cell BODIES, to isolate and protect them.
144
What are the most and least abundant glial cells?
MOST abundant =astrocytes
LEAST abundant = Microglia (but WBC's can't cross blood brain barrier, so they are important!)
145
Can axons in CNS or PNS regenerate?
Axons in PNS can regenerate while axons in the CNS cannot (think paralysis)
146
What are nodes of Ranvier?
Gaps in myelination of axons, that help increase the conduction speed.
Nodes of ranvier are made by Schwann cells, gaps between them.
147
True/False: Unmyelinated axons in PNS are still surrounded by Schwann cells for protection?
TRUE!
they just aren't wrapped in thick layers
148
What is a collection of cell BODIES in the CNS?
NUCLEUS!
149
What is a collection of cell BODIES in the PNS???
GANGLIA!
150
What is a collection of AXONS in the CNS?
Tract ;)
151
What is a collection of AXONS in the PNS??
Nerve
152
Afferent vs efferent fibers in the NS...
Afferent = sends sensory input AT the CNS
Efferent: sends motor information EXITING the CNS (to effector organs)
153
In order what is the number of spinal nerves of each?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
Cervical: 8
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccygeal: 1
154
Where does the spinal cord end?
Around L1
155
Gray matter =?
White matter =?
Gray matter = cell bodies
White matter = MYELINATED axons
156
Dorsal/Posterior horn = upper wings of butterfly, sends what type of info?
What are the dorsal horn vs column
Sensory info at CNS
dorsal horn = grey matter
dorsal column = axon tract (white matter)
157
Anterior/ventral horn =bottom of butterfly wings, sends what type of info?
Ventral horn vs column:
Motor info down spine...
Ventral horn= Cell bodies
Ventral column =axons
158
True/false: The anterior column conveys both ascending and descending bundles of axons:
TRUE!
159
Where is the lateral horn found?
ONLY found in THORACIC region
(it is a central component of the sympathetic --fight or flight-- division of the autonomic nervous system)
160
What is the dorsal root ganglion?
Ganglion = CELL BODIES IN PNS
so dorsal root ganglia is the collection of cell bodies on the posterior/dorsal side of vertebral column.
Dorsal root ganglion process sensory information... from periphery sense organs to the spinal cord
161
True or false: the 31 spinal nerves carry both sensory AND motor information?
TRUE
162
Define foramen:
What is the intervertebral foramen?
Foramen: A passage, opening or communication between two cavities, or a hole in a bone, often for the passage of vessels or nerves.
Intervertebral foramen is the opening through which each spinal nerve travels through.
163
Up until what age does the spinal cord grow?
Grows until age 4.
164
What is the name of the end of the spinal cord?
What is the name for the spinal nerves that grow to extend the PNS reach past the conus medullar is?
Conus Medullaris is the distal most end of the spinal cord.
The Cauda equine are the spinal nerves which grow to "extend" it's reach.
165
Define decussation:
The crossing from right to left or left to right of the pathways of the spinal cord...
It is because of decussation that the right side of the brain processes information from the left side of the body and that the left side of the brain processes information from the right side of the body.
166
What are the 3 functional pathways of the ASCENDING Spinal cord?
1. DCML: fine touch
**cross in BRAINSTEM
-Meissner's and Merkels
2. ALS: PAIN, TEMP, CRUDE TOUCH
**cross in spinal cord @SAME LEVEL AS SENSATION
--Free nerve endings
3. Spinocerebellar: proprioceptive
**crosses and crosses back
167
DESCENDING PATHWAY of spinal cord??
Corticospinal tract: voluntary movement
**cross @ BRAINSTEM
168
What is the difference between upper and lower motor neurons?
Do they each excite or inhibit or both?
Upper motor neurons travel from brain to anterior horn where they synapse with the lower motor neurons (at the ventral root) which are responsible for transferring the motor information from the spinal cord to the effector organ/muscle.
Upper: Exites or inhibits
Lower: ONLY excites
169
What are the 3 types of reflexes?
1. Monosynaptic stretch reflex: kick at doctors office
2. Golgi tendon reflex: stops you from lifting wayyyyyy too heavy
3. Polysynaptic withdrawal reflex: if you touch a hot stove or step on a tack
170
Mechanoreceptors:
1. Free nerve endings: deep epidermis. Pain temp, mechanodeformation
2. Merkels discs. Epidermal/dermal junction. Light touch
3. Ruffini's corpuscle. Dermis, joint caps. Continuous deep pressure.
4. Meissner's corpuscle. Papillary dermis. Light touch.
5. Pacinian Corpuscle. Deep dermis. Deep pressure.
6. Root hair plexus. Hair follicles in dermis. Movement of hair.
7. Muscle Spindle. Skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle contration and stretching
8. Golgi tendon. In line with tendons Tendon stretch.
171
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
1. Papillary layer (loose, areolar tissue)
2. Reticular layer (dense, irregular connective)
172
What are dermal papillae?
Bumps that increase surface area for gas, nutrient and waste exchange
173
Order of bone formation:
Osteogenic cells
osteoblast
osteocyte
174
Osteoblast vs osteoclast:
Osteoblast: builds NEW bone. deposits calcium.
Osteoclast: cracks bone/removes calcium.
175
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphsis=end of bone
metaphysics =growth plate
diaphysis=shaft
176
When does the epiphyseal growth plate become a line?
18-21 years old.
177
Edosteum vs periosteum:
Endosteum covers the inside cavity of bone (covers medullary cavity)
vs.
Periosteum covers the outside surface of the bone. It is where the tendons and ligaments attach to.
178
Tendon
bone to muscle
179
Ligament
Bone to bone
180
2 osteogenic pathways:
1. Intramembraneous ossification: develops directly from mesenchymal connective tissue
2. Endochondral ossification: develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
181
Does cartilage become bone?
NO!
Cartilage is a framework that will eventually be replace by bone.
182
How does bone grow?
Erosion of bone along medullary cavity and deposition of new bone beneath periosteum. Increases the diameter of both the diaphysis and medullary cavity.
183
Define Lacunae:
Lacuna is the small cavity containing an osteocyte in bone, or a chondrocyte in cartilage
184
Define Trabeculae:
thin columns and plates of bone that create a spongy structure in a cancellous bone, which is located at the ends of long bones and in the pelvis, ribs, skull, and vertebrae.
-form along lines of stress to provide strength to bone
-makes the bones lighter due to matrix/gaps
185
