Unit 1

Question 1

Synthesizes observations to explain phenomena and guide predictions to be tested through research

Answer 1

Theory

Question 2

A statement that can be used to test a prediction in a specific research study

Answer 2

Hypothesis

Question 3

how A and B are linearly related to each other

Answer 3

Correlation

Question 4

Can be used to draw casual conclusions

Answer 4

Experiments

Question 5

Cannot be used to draw casual conclusions

Answer 5

Coorelations

Question 6

Withholding of truth or relevant information

Answer 6

Passive Deception

Question 7

Intentionally misinforming

Answer 7

Active Deception

Question 8

Collection of beliefs about one’s basic nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior

Answer 8

Self-Concept

Question 9

People learn about themselves by imagining how they appear to others

Answer 9

Looking-glass Self

Question 10

Process by which a person examines the contents of his or her own mental states

Answer 10

Introspection

Question 11

Examining the difference between oneself and another person

Answer 11

Social Comparison

Question 12

How favorably someone evaluates himself or herself

Answer 12

Self Esteem

Question 13

Tendency to underestimate the number of people who share one’s most prized characteristics and availabilities

Answer 13

False Uniqueness Effect

Question 14

Tendency to overestimate the number of people who share one’s opinions or negative qualities

Answer 14

False Consensus Effect

Question 15

Tendency to claim credit for positive outcomes, and deny blame for negative outcomes

Answer 15

Self-serving Attribution

Question 16

Personality trait marked by inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, and a sense of entitlement

Answer 16

Narcissism

Question 17

The intuitive, unconscious, and fast way of thinking

Answer 17

Automatic Processing

Question 18

The deliberate, conscious, and slower way of thinking

Answer 18

Controlled Processing

Question 19

Mental shortcuts that enable quick, efficient judgements

Answer 19

Heuristics

Question 20

The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case

Answer 20

Representativeness Heuristic

Question 21

The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

Answer 21

Availability Heuristic

Question 22

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

Answer 22

Overconfidence Phenomenon

Question 23

Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a strong relationship than actually exists

Answer 23

Illusory Coorelation

Question 24

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

Answer 24

Confirmation Bias

Question 25

Proposes that once the mind draws a conclusion, it tends to stick with that conclusion unless there is overwhelming evidence to change it

Answer 25

Belief Perseverance

Question 26

Reducing errors and biases by using controlled processing rather than automatic processing

Answer 26

Debiasing

Question 27

The casual explanations people give for their own and others' behavior for events in general

Answer 27

Attributions

Question 28

Behavior assumed to result from traits or personality characteristics

Answer 28

Dispositional Attribution

Question 29

Behavior assumed to result from situational factors

Answer 29

Situational Attribution

Question 30

When judging other's behavior we overestimate the influence of dispositional factors and underestimate the influence of situational factors

Answer 30

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 31

A social belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Answer 31

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Question 32

Different evaluations of the same target

Answer 32

Dual Attitudes

Question 33

Attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report

Answer 33

Explicit Attitudes

Question 34

Attitudes that exist outside of conscious awareness

Answer 34

Implicit Attitudes

Question 35

An unpleasant psychological state when behavior and attitude are inconsistent

Answer 35

Cognitive Dissonance

Question 36

When someone does something to bring their attitudes and behaviors back in line

Answer 36

Dissonance Reduction

Question 37

When people suffer, work hard, or make sacrifices, they will try to convince themselves that it is worthwhile

Answer 37

Effort Justification

Question 38

Cognitive dissonance experienced after making a difficult choice, typically reduced by increasing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and decreasing thee attractiveness of the rejected alternative

Answer 38

Post-decision Dissonance