Unit 1

Question 1

______ is the major precursor for fatty acid synthesis

Answer 1

Glucose

Question 2

provides the carbon for fatty acid synthesis (via acetyl CoA) as well as the reducing equivalents (NADPH) required for this process.

Answer 2

Glucose

Question 3

The synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the
_______ using acetyl CoA produced from
glucose or from other precursors

Answer 3

cytosol

Question 4

saturated C16 acid

Answer 4

Palmitic Acid

Question 5

The saturated C16 acid, _________ , is
synthesized first, and all other fatty acids are
made by its modification

Answer 5

palmitic acid

Question 6

synthesized by sequential addition of
two-carbon units from acecyl CoA to the
activated carboxyl end of a growing chain by
fatty acid synthase

Answer 6

Fatty Acids

Question 7

Fatty acids are synthesized by sequential addition of
___________________ to the activated carboxyl end of a growing chain by fatty acid synthase

Answer 7

two-carbon units from acecyl CoA

Question 8

True or False

In bacteria, fatty acid synthase is a complex of several proteins, whereas in mammalian cells it is a single multifunctional protein.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

_________________ IS THE COMMITMENT STEP OF FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS

Answer 9

FORMATION OF MALONYL COA

Question 10

made by carboxylation of acetyl CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Answer 10

Malonyl CoA

Question 11

Synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl CoA
requires the activated intermediate, malonyl
CoA, which is made by_________ by __________

Answer 11

carboxylation of acetyl CoA

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Question 12

_________ in the diet are digested in the stomach and small intestine by gastric and pancreatic lipases.

Answer 12

Triacylglycerols

Question 13

Triacylglycerols in the diet are digested in the
stomach and small intestine by _____________

Answer 13

gastric and pancreatic lipases

Question 14

The principal products of digested triacylglycerols in the stomach and small intestine by gastric and pancreatic lipases are ________________, which are absorbed by the epithelial cells that line the small intestine.

Answer 14

2-monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids

Question 15

These cells assemble the absorbed fatty acids and monoacylglycerols into triacylglycerols

Answer 15

Epithelial cells that line the small intestine

Question 16

a triacylglycerol-rich plasma lipoprotein

Answer 16

Chylomicrons

Question 17

absorbed fatty acids and monoacylglycerols are assembled into triacylglycerols, which are then packaged into

Answer 17

Chylomicrons

Question 18

The ____ is another source of triacylglycerols in the fed state

Answer 18

liver

Question 19

occurs within the first few hours after eating as your body digests and absorbs nutrients from food

Answer 19

Fed State

Question 20

Fatty acids are synthesized in this tissue from excess ________ and _______

Answer 20

carbohydrate and amino acids

Question 21

a second triacylglycerol rich lipoprotein, which is secreted into the bloodstream

Answer 21

very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

Question 22

The triacylglycerols in chylomicrons and VLDL are hydrolyzed by

Answer 22

lipoprotein lipase

Question 23

The _________, which is found in chylomicrons and VLDL, activates the process by binding the lipoproteins to the enzyme.

Answer 23

apoprotein ApoC-Il

Question 24

The products of lipoprotein lipase action are ________ and _______

Answer 24

free fatty acids and glycerol

Question 25

The free fatty acids are utilized in the tissue where _____ occurs.

Answer 25

hydrolysis

Question 26

The glycerol is transported through the bloodstream and taken up by the ______ where it is used in glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

Answer 26

liver

Question 27

process which glucose is broken down to produce energy

Answer 27

Glycolysis

Question 28

Process that allows the body to form glucose from non-hexose precursor or non-carbohydrate source, particularly glycerol, lactose, pyruvate, propionate, and glucogenic amino acids

Answer 28

Gluconeogenesis

Question 29

__________ is present at high levels in adipose tissue, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle, allowing these tissues to utilize triacylglycerols from lipoproteins

Answer 29

Lipoprotein lipase

Question 30

True or False In adipose tissue, the products of lipoprotein lipase are taken up and assembled into triacylglycerols, allowing net deposition of fuel.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

True or False In muscle, the fatty acid products of lipase action are taken up and used to generate energy, although some triacylglycerol synthesis occurs in this tissue

Answer 31

True

Question 32

True or False The triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue are mobilized for use as fuel in the fasted state

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue are mobilized for use as fuels in the fasted state. This process is initiated by __________, which is located within adipocytes.

Answer 33

hormone-sensitive lipase

Question 34

Hormone-sensitive lipase is activated when it is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent __________

Answer 34

protein kinase A

Question 35

_________ inhibits the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase by inducing its dephosphorylation

Answer 35

insulin

Question 36

The protein, _______, which coats the surface of fat droplets, is also important in the regulation of triacylglycerol metabolism

Answer 36

perilipin

Question 37

When perilipin is not ______, it blocks lipase access to the triacylglycerol.

Answer 37

phosphorylated

Question 38

True or False When perilipin is phosphorylated by protein kinase A, hormone-sensitive lipase translocates to the surface of the fat droplet and hydrolyzes triacylglycerols.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

The principal product of this enzyme (hormone-sensitive lipase) is _________ and ___________

Answer 39

monoacylglycerol and free fatty acids

Question 40

The principal product of this enzymeis monoacylglycerol and free fatty acids.

Question 41

True or False The balance of triacylglycerol synthesis and hydrolysis helps to assure adequate energy stores and avoid obesity.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

True or False The fatty acids are referred to as free fatty acids although they circulate bound to serum albumin

Answer 42

True

Question 43

True or False Each albumin molecule can bind - IO fatty acids, so its binding capacity is very high.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

True or False Free fatty acids bound to albumin, however, are a relatively small fraction of the total lipid in plasma when one considers the presence of the lipids in the plasma lipoproteins

Answer 44

True

Question 45

The hydrolysis of triacylglycerols present in adipose tissue and in plasma lipoproteins also produces ________.

Answer 45

free glycerol,

Question 46

an enzyme that synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate from glycerol and ATP

Answer 46

glycerol kinase

Question 47

Hepatic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase converts glycerol 3- phosphate to ____________, which enters the glycolytic pathway in the fed state.

Answer 47

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 48

True or False In the fasted state, it is convened to glucose via gluconeogenesis. During prolonged fasting, when much of the body's energy is derived from stored fat, the glycerol produced by the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol in adipose tissue is an important substrate for gluconeogenesis in the liver (Devlin, 2011)

Answer 48

True

Question 49

The basic unit of living organisms is the _____

Answer 49

cell

Question 50

The ______ is the aqueous medium inside the cell, separated from water outside the cell by the cell membrane.

Answer 50

cytoplasm

Question 51

True or False The cell membrane serves two apparently contradictory functions. - It acts as a barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell, but - it is also selectively permeable, allowing nutrients in and waste out (Smith, 2012).

Answer 51

True

Question 52

are the major component of the cell membrane.

Answer 52

Phospholipids

Question 53

Phospholipids contain a __________ and two _________ composed of C-C and C-H bonds.

Answer 53

hydrophilic polar head and nonpolar tails

Question 54

When phospholipids are mixed with water, they assemble in an arrangement called ________, with the ionic heads oriented on the outside and the nonpolar tails on the inside.

Answer 54

a lipid bilayer

Question 55

True or False The polar heads electrostatically interact with the polar solvent H2O, while the nonpolar tails are held in close proximity by numerous London dispersion forces (Smith, 2012).

Answer 55

True

Question 56

True or False Cell membranes are composed of lipid bilayers

Answer 56

True

Question 57

True or False The charged heads of the phospholipids are oriented towards the aqueous interior and exterior of the cell. The nonpolar tails form the hydrophobic interior of the membrane, thus serving as an insoluble barrier that protects the cell from the outside

Answer 57

True

Question 58

- is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level - merged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, physiology, and biology to investigate the chemistry of living systems

Answer 58

Biochemistry

Question 59

•Biochemistry is both life science and a chemical science -it explores the chemistry of living organisms and the molecular basis for the changes occurring in living cells. + It uses the methods of chemistry, physics, molecular biology, and immunology to study the structure and behaviour of the complex molecules found in biological material and the ways these molecules interact to form cells, tissues, and whole organisms

Answer 59

Biochemistry the study of life in its chemical processes

Question 60

•According to McGill University (2020), biochemistry has become the foundation for understanding all biological processes. It has provided explanations for the causes of many diseases in humans, animals, and plants. It can frequently suggest ways by which such diseases may be treated or cured.

Answer 60

Biochemistry an essential science

Question 61

•Because biochemistry seeks to unravel the complex chemical reactions that occur in a wide variety of life forms, it provides the basis for practical advances in medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. It underlies and includes such exciting new fields as molecular genetics and bioengineering (McGill University, 2020).

Answer 61

Biochemistry a practical science

Question 62

•As the broadest of the basic sciences, biochemistry includes many subspecialties such as neurochemistry, bioorganic chemistry, clinical biochemistry, physical biochemistry, molecular genetics, biochemical pharmacology, and immunochemistry. Recent advances in these areas have created links among technology, chemical engineering, and biochemistry (McGill University, 2020).

Answer 62

Biochemistry a varied science