Lipids Flashcards
(221 cards)
1
Q
Four major classes of bioorganic substances
A
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
2
Q
Known as fats
A
Lipids
3
Q
provide a major way of storing chemical energy and
carbon atoms in the body
A
Lipids
4
Q
surround and insulate vital body organs,
providing protection from mechanical shock and preventing excessive loss of
heat energy
A
Lipids
5
Q
basic components of cell membranes
A
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Cholesterol
6
Q
Their characterization is based on solubility characteristics
A
Lipids
7
Q
An organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble(or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in non polar organic solvents
A
Lipids
8
Q
A hydrolysis reaction that occurs in basic solution
A
Saponification reaction
9
Q
Five categories of lipids
A
- Energy-stored lipids
- Membrane lipids
- Emulsification lipids
- Messenger lipids
- Protective-coating lipids
10
Q
Category of lipid:
Triacylglycerols
A
Energy-stored lipids
11
Q
Category of lipid:
phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, and cholesterol
A
Membrane lipids
12
Q
Category of lipid:
Bile acids
A
Emulsification lipids
13
Q
Category of lipid:
steroid hormones and eicosanoids
A
Messenger lipids
14
Q
Category of lipid:
biological waxes
A
Protective-coating lipids
15
Q
When lipid is placed in basic aqueous solution, it is divided into two categories:
A
- Saponifiable lipids
- Nonsaponifiable lipids
16
Q
Lipid in basic aqueous solution:
Saponifiable lipids
A
(triacylglycerols, phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, and biological waxes)
17
Q
Lipids in basic aqueous solution:
Nonsaponifiable lipids
A
(cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile acids, and
eicosanoids)
18
Q
converted into smaller molecules when hydrolysis occurs
A
Saponifiable lipids
19
Q
cannot be broken up into smaller units since they do not react with water
A
Nonsaponifiable lipids
20
Q
basic structural unit, or building block, from which carbohydrate molecules are made
A
Monosaccharides
21
Q
most frequently encountered lipid building block is the structural unit called ___________
A
a fatty acid
22
Q
The most abundant type of lipid
A
Energy-storage lipid
23
Q
The second most abundant type of lipid
A
Membrane lipids
24
Q
a naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid
A
Fatty acid
25
Long-chain fatty acid
C12 to C26
26
Medium-chain fatty acids
C8 and C10
27
Short-chain fatty acids
C4 and C6
28
Fatty acids are classified as
- saturated fatty acids (SFAs)
- monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)
- polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
29
a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds
Saturated fatty acid
30
a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which one
carbon–carbon double bond is present
monounsaturated fatty acid
31
In monounsaturated fatty acid, the double bond is nearly always a ______
cis
32
fatty acid with a carbon chain in which two or
more carbon–carbon double bonds are present
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
33
True or False
The fatty acids present in naturally
occurring lipids almost always have
the following three characteristics:
1. An unbranched carbon chain
2. An even number of carbon atoms
in the carbon chain
3. Double bonds, when present
in the carbon chain, in a cis
configuration
True
34
- exists for specifying key structural parameters for fatty acid
- two numbers separated by a colon are used to
specify the number of carbon atoms and the number of carbon–carbon double
bonds present,
what system is this?
Numerically based shorthand system
35
To specify double-bond positioning within the carbon chain of an unsaturated fatty acid, the preceding notation is expanded by adding _______________ followed by one or more superscript numbers.
Greek capital letter delta (🔺)
36
an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond three carbon atoms away from its methyl end
omega-3 fatty acid
37
These family relationships become apparent when double-bond position is specifi ed relative to the
methyl (noncarboxyl) end of the fatty acid carbon chain. Double-bond positioning determined in this manner is denoted by using
the Greek lowercase letter omega (w)
38
an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond six carbon atoms away from its methyl end
omega-6 fatty acid
39
Structural Notation: (SFA)
12:0
14:0
16:0
12:0 - lauric acid
14:0 - myristic acid
16:0 - palmitic acid
40
Structural Notation: (SFA)
18:0
20:0
18:0 stearic acid
20:0 arachidic acid
41
Structural notation: (MFA)
16:1 🔺9 w-7 (omega)
18:1 🔺9 w-9(omega)
16:1 🔺9 w-7 (omega) -> palmitoleic acid
19:1 🔺9 w-9 (omega) -> oleic acid
42
Structural notation: PUFA
18:2 🔺9,12 w-6
18:3 🔺9,12,15 w-3
20:4 🔺5,8,11,14 w-6
18:2 🔺9,12 w-6 -> linoleic acid
18:3 🔺9,12,15 w-3 -> linolenic acid
20:4 🔺5,8,11,14 w-6 -> arachidonic acid
43
Structural Notation: PUFA
20:5 🔺5,8,11,14,17 w-3
20:6 🔺4,7,10,13,16,19 w-3
20:5 🔺5,8,11,14,17 w-3 -> EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)
20:6 🔺4,7,10,13,16,19 w-3 -> DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
44
True or False
For fatty acid, solubility decreases as the carbon chain length increases
True
45
__________ for fatty acids is a direct function of carbon chain length
Water solubility
46
________________ for fatty acids are strongly influenced by both carbon chain
length and degree of unsaturation (number of double bonds present)
Melting points
47
True or False
As carbon chain length increases, melting point increases
True
48
True or False
The greater the degree of unsaturation, the greater the reduction in melting points.
True
49
True or False
A trend of particular significance is that saturated fatty acids have higher melting points than unsaturated fatty acids with the same number of carbon atoms.
True
50
True or False
Long-chain saturated fatty acids tend to be solids at room temperature, whereas long-chain unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquids at room temperature.
True
51
Long-chain saturated fatty acids tend to be solids at room temperature, whereas long-chain unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquids at room temperature
True
52
The decreasing melting point associated with increasing degree of unsaturation
in fatty acids is explained by decreased molecular attractions between carbon chains.
True
53
These _______ prevent unsaturated fatty acids from packing together as tightly
as saturated fatty acids.
Bends
54
The most widespread energy-storage material within cells is the ______________; it is present in small amounts in most cell
carbohydrate glycogen
55
Lipids known as ________ also function within the body as energy-storage materials.
triacylglycerols
56
__________ are concentrated primarily in special cells (adipocytes) that are nearly filled with the material
triacylglycerols
57
These energy-storage lipids are the most abundant type of lipid present in the human body
Triacylglycerols
58
is a compound produced from the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid.
Ester
59
Three-carbon alcohol with three hydroxyl group
Glycerol
60
are the carboxylic acids involved in triacylglycerol formation
Fatty acids
61
is a lipid formed by esterifi cation of three fatty acids to a glycerol molecule
triacylglycerol
62
is the portion of a carboxylic acid that remains after the —OH group is removed from the carboxyl
carbon atom
An acyl group
63
is a triester formed from the esterifi cation of glycerol with three identical fatty acid molecules
simple triacylglycerol
64
a triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acid molecule
mixed triacylglycerol
65
A ________ is a triacylglycerol mixture that is a solid or a semi-solid at room temperature (25C)
Fat
66
An ______ is a triacylglycerol mixture that is a liquid at room temperature (25C)
oil
67
Given that both are triacylglycerol
mixtures, what distinguishes a fat from an oil?
physical state at room
temperatur
68
An ___________ is a fatty acid needed in the human body that must be obtained from dietary sources because it cannot be synthesized within the body, in adequate amounts, from other substance
essential fatty acid
69
Two essential fatty acids
linoleic acid
and
linolenic acid
70
the primary member of the omega-6 acid
family
Linoleic acid (18:2)
71
the primary member of the omega-3 acid family
Linolenic acid (18:3)
72
the starting material for the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid
Linolenic acid
73
- the major starting material for eicosanoids
- help regulate blood pressure, clotting, and several other important body functions
arachidonic acid
74
the starting material for the biosynthesis of two additional omega-3 fatty acids (EPA 20:5 & DHA 22:6)
Linolenic acid
75
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) are important con-
stituents of the communication membranes of the brain and are necessary for nor-
mal brain development. EPA and DHA are also active in the retina of the eye.
True
76
Four important triacylglycerol reactions are
hydrolysis
saponification
hydrogenation
oxidation
77
the reverse of the esterification reaction by which
it was formed
Hydrolysis of a triacylglycerol
78
Under acidic conditions, the hydrolysis products are
glycerol and fatty acids
79
Under basic conditions, the hydrolysis products are
glycerols and fatty acid salts
80
In situations where all three fatty acids are removed, the hydrolysis process is referred to as
complete hydrolysis
81
If one or more of the fatty acid residues remains attached to the glycerol, the hydrolysis process is called
partial hydrolysis
82
a reaction carried out in an alkaline (basic) solution
Saponification
83
For fats and oils, the products of saponifi cation are
glycerol and fatty acid salts
84
a spherical cluster of molecules in which the polar
portions of the molecules are on the surface, and the nonpolar portions are located in the interior
micelle
85
- a chemical reaction
- involves hydrogen addition across carbon–carbon multiple bonds, which increases the degree of saturation
Hydrogenation
86
In _____________, some, but not all, of the double bonds present are converted into single bonds.
partial hydrogenation
87
The carbon–carbon double bonds present in the fatty acid residues of a triacylglycerol are subject to ______ with molecular oxygen (from air) as the _____
oxidation
oxidizing agent
88
Such oxidation breaks these bonds, producing both ___________ and ___________ products.
aldehyde
carboxylic acid
89
The short-chain aldehydes and carboxylic acids so produced often have objectionable odors, and fats and oils containing them are said to have become
rancid
90
Two naturally occurring antioxidants are
vitamin C
vitamin E
91
Two synthetic oxidation inhibitors are
BHA and BHT
92
It is _________ that give cells their individuality by separating them from their environment.
membranes
93
three common types of membrane lipids:
phospholipids
sphingoglycolipids
cholesterol
94
are the most abundant type of membrane lipid
Phospholipids
95
- Most contain an even number of carbon atoms.
- Carbon chain length is up to 24 carbon atoms.
Fatty Acid
96
- No double bonds are present in the carbon chain.
- Dietary effect is an increase in heart disease risk.
Saturated
97
- One double bond is present in the carbon chain.
- Dietary effect is a decrease in heart disease risk.
Monounsaturated
98
- Two or more double bonds are present in the carbon chain.
- Dietary effect is “mixed”; there have been several conflicting studies relative to heart disease risk.
Polyunsaturated
99
Naturally occurring fatty acids generally contain ____ double bonds.
cis
100
- Hydrogenation converts some cis double bonds to
____ double bonds.
- ________ fatty acids have effects on blood chemistry similar to those of saturated fatty acids.
Trans
101
- First double bond is three carbons away from the CH3 end of the carbon chain.
- Linolenic acid (18:3) is the primary member of this family.
Omega-3
102
- First double bond is six carbons away from the CH3 end of the carbon chain.
- Linoleic acid (18:2) is the primary member of this family.
Omega-6
103
The platform molecule on which a phospholipid is built may be the 3-carbon alcohol _______ or a more complex C18 aminodialcohol called
glycerol
sphingosine
104
Glycerol-based phospholipids are called
glycerophospholipids
105
Phospholipids that are based on sphingosine are called
sphingophospholipids
106
a lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group.
Glycerophospholipid
107
- the parent source for the minus one charged phosphate group used in the formation of glycerophospholipids
Phosphoric acid
108
The fatty acid, glycerol, and phosphate portions of a glycerophospholipid structure constitute a __________
phosphatidyl group
109
Phosphatidylcholines are also known as
lecithins
110
The enzyme ________ in the intestine hydrolyzes
most of the phosphatidylcholine taken orally before it passes into body fl uids, so it does not reach body tissues.
lecithinase
111
Phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylserines are also known as
cephalins
112
These compounds are found in heart and liver tissue and in high concentrations in the brain
- They are important in blood clotting
Phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylserines
113
A ______________ is a lipid that contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group
sphingophospholipid
114
have structures based on the 18-carbon monounsaturated aminodialcohol sphingosine
Sphingophospholipids
115
All phospholipids derived from sphingosine have:
(1) the fatty acid attached to the sphingosine—NH2 group via an amide linkage
(2) the phosphate group attached
to the sphingosine terminal —OH group via an ester linkage
3) an additional alcohol esterified to the phosphate group
True
116
For sphingophospholipids, the fatty acid is one of the tails, and the long carbon chain of sphingosine itself is the other tail. The polar head is the phosphate
group with its esterified alcohol
True
117
Sphingophospholipids in which the alcohol esterified to the phosphate group is choline are called
sphingomyelins
118
A __________ is a lipid that contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate component attached to a sphingosine molecule
sphingoglycolipid
119
Sphingoglycolipid:
A fatty acid is attached to the sphingosine through an amide linkage, and a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide is attached to the sphingosine at the terminal —OH carbon atom through a glycosidic
linkage
True
120
simplest sphingoglycolipids, which are called ________, contain a single monosaccharide unit—either glucose or galactose
cerebrosides
121
More complex sphingoglycolipids, called ________, contain a branched chain of up to seven monosaccharide residues
gangliosides
122
A specific compound rather than a family of compounds like the phospholipids and sphingoglycolipids
Cholesterol
123
(1) there are no fatty acid residues present
(2) neither glycerol nor sphingosine is present as the platform molecule
This is a _________ structure
Cholesterol
124
Cholesterol is a
steroid
125
A ______ is a lipid whose structure is based on a fused-ring system that involves three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring.
steroid
126
steroid fused-ring system, which is called the
steroid nucleus
127
is a C27 steroid molecule that is a component of cell membranes and a precursor for other steroid-based lipids.
Cholesterol
128
most abundant steroid in the human body
Cholesterol
129
Although a portion of the body’s cholesterol is obtained from dietary intake, most of it is biosynthesized by the _____ and (to a lesser extent) the _____
liver
intestine
130
Because cholesterol is only sparingly soluble in water (blood), a protein carrier system is used for its distribution. These cholesterol–protein combinations are called
lipoproteins
131
The lipoproteins that carry cholesterol from the liver to various tissues are called
LDLs (low-density lipoproteins)
132
Lipoproteins that carry excess cholesterol from tissues back to the liver are called
HDLs (high-density lipoproteins)
133
a form of cardiovascular disease characterized by the buildup of plaque along the inner walls of arteries
Atherosclerosis
134
is a mound of lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium.
Plaque
135
The cholesterol associated with LDLs is often called “bad cholesterol” because
it contributes to increased blood cholesterol levels, and the cholesterol associated
with HDLs is often called “good cholesterol” because it contributes to reduced
blood cholesterol levels
True
136
The cholesterol associated with LDLs is often called “_______” because it contributes to increased blood cholesterol levels
Bad cholesterol
137
the cholesterol associated
with HDLs is often called “_______” because it contributes to reduced
blood cholesterol levels.
good cholesterol
138
A __________ is a lipid-based structure that separates a cell’s aqueous-based interior from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell.
cell membrane
139
Up to 80% of the mass of a
cell membrane is lipid material consisting primarily of the three types of membrane
lipids just discussed:
phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol
140
is a two-layer-thick structure of phospholipids and glycolipids in which the nonpolar tails of the lipids are in the middle of the structure and the polar heads are on the outside surfaces of the structure
Lipid bilayer
141
A lipid bilayer is held together by _________, not by covalent bonds
intermolecular interactions
142
prevents tight packing of fatty acid chains
Presence of at least one unsaturated fatty acid
143
These molecules fit between the fatty acid chains of the lipid bilayer, restricting movement of the fatty acid chains
Cholesterol
144
These are responsible for moving substances across the membrane, and are receptors that bind hormone and neurotransmitters
Proteins
145
two general types of membrane proteins:
integral and peripheral
146
is a membrane protein that penetrates the cell membrane.
An integral membrane protein
147
is a nonpenetrating membrane protein located on the surface of the cell membrane.
A peripheral membrane protein
148
__________ rather than chemical bonds govern the interactions between membrane proteins and the lipid bilayer
Intermolecular forces
149
substances that play key roles in the process by which different cells recognize each other
Markers
150
Three common transport mechanisms exist by
which molecules can enter and leave cells. What are they?
passive transport, facilitated
transport, and active transport
151
the transport process in which a substance moves across a cell membrane by diffusion from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration without the expenditure of any cellular energy.
Passive transport
152
is the transport process in which a substance moves across
a cell membrane, with the aid of membrane proteins, from a region of higher con-
centration to a region of lower concentration without the expenditure of cellular
energy.
Facilitated transport
153
The specific protein molecules involved in the facilitated transport process are called
carriers or transporters
154
A ______ forms a complex with a specifi c molecule at one surface of the membrane during facilitated transport
carrier protein
155
Example molecules that can cross membranes during passive transport
O2, N2, H2O, urea, and ethanol
156
Example molecules that can cross membranes during facilitated tranport
Glucose, chloride ion, and bicarbonate ion
157
is the transport process in which a substance moves across a cell membrane, with the aid of membrane proteins, against a concentration gradient with the expenditure of cellular energy.
Active transport
158
Proteins involved in active transport are called
“________,” because they require energy much as a water pump requires energy
in order to function
pumps
159
Example molecules that cross membranes during active transport
Sodium, potassium, and hydronium ions
160
is a substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances
as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution.
An emulsifier
161
Cholesterol derivatives called _______ function as emulsifying agents that facilitate the absorption of dietary lipids in the intestine
bile acids
162
A _______ is a cholesterol derivative that functions as a lipid-emulsifying agent
in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract.
bile acid
163
Obtained by oxidation of cholesterol, bile acids differ structurally from cholesterol
in three respects:
1. They are tri- or dihydroxy cholesterol derivatives.
2. The carbon 17 side chain of cholesterol has been oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
3. The oxidized acid side chain is bonded to an amino acid (either glycine or
taurine) through an amide linkage
True
164
three major types of bile acids
produced from cholesterol by biochemical oxidation: cholic acid, 7-deoxycholic
acid, and 12-deoxycholic acid
True
165
Bile acids always carry an amino acid (either _________ or ________) attached to
the side-chain carboxyl group via an amide linkage
glycine or taurine
166
is a fluid containing emulsifying agents that is secreted by the liver, stored
in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine during digestion.
Bile
167
breakdown products of hemoglobin
Bile pigments
168
The bile acids that are present increase the solubility of the cholesterol in the bile fluid
True
169
The result is the precipitation of crystallized cholesterol from the bile and the resulting formation of gallstones in the gallbladder
True
170
A lipid from cholesterol derivatives that has messenger functions
Steroid hormones
171
A lipid from fatty acid derivatives that has messenger functions
Eicosanoids
172
is a biochemical substance, produced by a ductless gland, that has a messenger function.
hormone
173
is a hormone that is a cholesterol derivative
steroid hormone
174
Two major classes of steroid hormones
Sex hormones
Adrenocorticoid hormones
175
A hormone that control reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
Sex hormones
176
A hormone that regulates late numerous biochemical processes in the body
Adrenocorticoid hormones
177
Three major groups of sex hormones
- female sex hormones
- male sex hormones
- pregnancy hormones
Estrogen
Androgen
Progestins
178
are synthesized in the ovaries and adrenal cortex and are responsible
for the development of female secondary sex characteristics at the onset of puberty
and for regulation of the menstrual cycle.
Estrogens
179
synthesized in the testes and adrenal cortex and promote the
development of male secondary sex characteristics. They also promote muscle growth.
Androgens
180
synthesized in the ovaries and the placenta and prepare the
lining of the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum. They also suppress
ovulation.
Progestins
181
The best known types of synthetic steroids
are _______ and __________.
oral contraceptives
anabolic steroids
182
are used to suppress ovulation as a method of birth control.
Oral contraceptives
183
Morning after pill is also known as
RU-486
184
illegal steroid drugs used by some athletes to
build up muscle strength and enhance endurance
Anabolic steroids
185
Produced by the adrenal glands
Adrenocorticoid hormones
186
Two types of adreoncorticoids hormone
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
187
Control the balance of Na+ and K+ ions in cells and body fluids
Mineralocorticoids
188
Control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation
Glucocorticoids
189
The major mineralococorticoids is ______, and the major glucocorticoids is _______
Aldosterone
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
190
Is the hormone synthesized in the largest amount y the adrenal galnds
Its synthetic ketone derivative cortisone exert powerful inflammatory effects in the body
Cortisol
191
Both ____ and ____, a similar synthetic derivative, are used as prescription drugs to control inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
Cortisone and prednisolone
192
is an oxygenated C20 fatty acid derivative that functions as a messenger lipid.
An eicosanoid
193
The metabolic precursor for most eicosanoids are _______, the 20:4 fatty acid
Arachidonic acid
194
The physiological effects of eicosanoids include mediation of
1. The infl ammatory response, a normal response to tissue damage
2. The production of pain and fever
3. The regulation of blood pressure
4. The induction of blood clotting
5. The control of reproductive functions, such as induction of labor
6. The regulation of the sleep/wake cycle
True
195
There are three principal types of eicosanoids
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes
196
messenger lipid that is a C20-fatty-acid derivative that contains a cyclopentane ring and oxygen-containing functional groups.
Prostaglandin
197
Aspirin reduces inflammation and
fever because it inactivates enzymes needed for prostaglandin synthesis
True
198
A ______ is a messenger lipid that is a C20-fatty-acid derivative that contains
a cyclic ether ring and oxygen-containing functional groups.
Thromboxane
199
- promote the formation of blood clots
- produced by blood platelets and promote platelet aggregation
Thromboxanes
200
messenger lipid that is a C20-fatty-acid derivative that contains three
conjugated double bonds and hydroxy groups.
Leukotrienes
201
- found in leukocytes
- Various infl ammatory and hypersensitivity (allergy)
responses are associated with elevated levels of this messenger lipid
Leukotrienes
202
A _______ is a lipid that is a monoester of a long-chain fatty acid and a long-
chain alcohol.
biological wax
203
fatty acids found in biological waxes generally are saturated and contain from ____ to ____ carbon atoms
14 to 36
204
alcohols found in biological waxes
may be saturated or unsaturated and may contain from ____ to ___ carbon atoms
16 to 30
205
The water-insoluble, water-repellent properties of biological waxes result from
the complete dominance of the nonpolar nature of the long hydrocarbon chains
present (from the alcohol and the fatty acid) over the weakly polar nature of the
ester functional group that links the two carbon chains together
True
206
(obtained from a species of Brazilian palm tree) is a particularly hard wax whose uses involve high-gloss fi nishes: automobile wax, boat
wax, fl oor wax, and shoe wa
Carnauba wax
207
______, a mixture of waxes obtained from sheep wool, is used as a base for skin
creams and ointments intended to enhance retention of water (which softens
the skin).
Lanolin
208
A ______ is a mixture of long-chain alkanes ob-
tained from the processing of petroleum.
mineral wax
209
Mineral waxes, which are also called ____
waxes, resist moisture and chemicals and have no odor or taste. They serve as a water-
proof coating for such paper products as milk cartons and waxed paper.
paraffin
210
T or F
These fatty acids differ from one another in the:
- length of their carbon chains
- degree of unsaturation (number of double
bonds)
and
- the positions of the double bonds in the chains
T
211
True or False
The fatty acids present in naturally
occurring lipids almost always have
the following three characteristics:
1. An unbranched carbon chain
2. An even number of carbon atoms
in the carbon chain
3. Double bonds, when present in the carbon chain, in a cis configuration
True
212
Fatty acids have lower solubilities, which decrease with _______________
increasing carbon chain length
213
The body’s triacylglycerol-storing cell
Adipocytes
214
are
structurally different from lipid oils.
The former are mixtures of alkanes
and cycloalkanes. The latter are mix-
tures of triesters of glycerol.
Petroleum oils
215
The blood-pressure-reduction
benefi ts of olive oil do not relate to
the triacylglycerols present but rather
come from other compounds natu-
rally present, namely from ___________ olive oil contains.
These antioxidants help promote the
relaxation of blood vessels.
antioxidant polyphenols
216
It is estimated that this olive oil
compound, called _________ , is
present in a typical Mediterranean
diet in an amount equivalent to
about 10% of the ibuprofen dose
recommended for headache relief.
oleocanthal
217
are compounds that
are easily oxidized. When added to
foods, they are more easily oxidized
than the food. Thus they prevent
the food from being oxidized
Antioxidants
218
An _______ contains two
hydroxyl groups, !OH, and anamino group, !NH2.
aminodialcohol
219
The double bond present in the sphingosine carbon chain is a _____ double bond.
trans
220
Synthetic progestin
Norethynodrel (Enovid)
221
Anabolic steroids
Methandrostenolone
