Unit 1

Question 1

Importance of the Night Sky (Before)

Answer 1

Survival
Timekeeping
led to the development of calendars

Question 2

Early Observations of the Night Sky

Answer 2

Periodic Motion
Planets (5 points of light) (Dirty mirrors) (Wonders)

Question 3

5 Early Points of Light (Wonders)

Answer 3

Mercury
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn

Question 4

Zenith

Answer 4

Looking Straight Up from where you are

Question 5

Nadir

Answer 5

Looking Straight Down from where you are

Question 6

Stars at the North Pole (90 Degrees latitude)

Answer 6

Circles the zenith
Do not rise or set

Question 7

Stars at the Equator (0 Degrees latitude)

Answer 7

The Stars rise Straight Up and Set Straight Down

Question 8

Stars at Intermediate Latitude

Answer 8

Stars rise and set at an angle to the horizon

Question 9

Celestial Sphere

Answer 9

An Imaginary Sphere that surrounds Earth

Divided into 88 Sections

containing all constellations

Question 9

Constellations

Answer 9

13 of them

the sun passes through them during the year

Ophiuchus 13th one (Early December)

Question 9

The Celestial Tilt

Answer 9

The Equator is tilted by 23.5 degrees to the ecliptic

Reason for seasons

Question 10

Sun in the Winter

Answer 10

The sun is lower in the sky

rays spread out over a wider area (less effective at heating)

Winter solstice Dec 21

Question 10

Rotation of the Moon

Answer 10

Rotates around Earth in ~29.5 days

Rotates around itself

It rotates the same period that it revolves so we always see the same side of the moon

Question 10

Sun in the Summer

Answer 10

The sun is higher in the sky

hits Earth more directly (Spearding out less)

Summer solstice on June 21

Question 11

Phases of the moon

Answer 11

New moon, waxing cressent, first quarter, waxing Gibbous, Full, winning Gibbous, Third Quarter, Waning Crescent

Question 12

Lunar Eclipse

Answer 12

The Moon going through Earth’s Shadow

Takes 2 to 3 hours

Happens twice a year

Question 13

Blood Moon

Answer 13

During a lunar Eclipse when the moon is fully covered by the Earth’s shadow

Question 14

Solar Eclipse

Answer 14

The moon casts a shadow on the Earth (100 - 150km wide)

At best 7 min

partial is more common, full is less common

Question 15

The sun Corona

Answer 15

During a solar Eclipse when the moon is fully covering the sun

we only see the solar atmosphere called corona

only safe time to look at solar eclipse without protection

Question 16

Geocentric Model

Answer 16

Created by Ptolemy

Earth was the center of the universe

Each planet orbits a small circle called an Epicycle

Each Epicycle orbits a larger circle called a different

Question 17

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 17

Doubted the Geocentric model

Sugested the heilocentric model

Question 18

Heliocentric Model

Answer 18

The Sun is the center of the universe

orbits were drawn as a circle (Wrong)

Question 19

Tycho Brahe

Answer 19

Believe Copernicus (Heliocentric model) couldnt prove it

use instruments to very acuretly measure the altitude of celestial objects

Question 20

Johannes Kepler

Answer 20

German Mathematician and Astronomer

Discovered basic laws, describing the heliocentric cosmology on a a firm mathematical basis

Question 21

Keplers Laws

Answer 21

1st Law: Planets orbited the sun in elliptical paths 2nd Law (Law of Equal Areas): Planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths, with the Sun at one of the two foci of the ellipse. This means that a planet’s distance from the Sun varies during its orbit. closer = faster (Perihelion) further = slower (Aphelion) 3rd Law: The orbital period of an object is related to its distance from the sun P^2 = A^3 p = Orbital period (Years) A = average distance from the sun (Astronomical units)

Question 22

Galileo Galilei

Answer 22

verified Kepler's work Craters on the moon Phases of Venus Refracting telescope

Question 23

phases of Venus

Answer 23

Just like the moon Venus has phases Takes place over a couple of 100 days proved the heliocentric model

Question 24

Scientific Method

Answer 24

1. Identify a problem 2. gather data 3. assert a hypothesis 4. test the hypothesis 5. compare the results, and iterate.

Question 25

Laws of Nature

Answer 25

Rules: Scientific laws represent the "rules" that govern the behavior of the natural world. Universality: These laws are believed to apply consistently throughout the universe. Changeability: Scientific theories, models, and laws can change based on new evidence or discoveries.

Question 26

SI units

Answer 26

System international Time --> Seconds Distance --> Meters Mass --> kilograms

Question 27

Issac Newton

Answer 27

Laws of Motion gravity optics

Question 28

Newton's Laws of Motion

Answer 28

1st Law (Law of inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force 2nd Law (F = ma): The change of motion of an object is proportional to the direction of the force acting on it (Force = Mass * Acceleration) 3rd Law: (Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Question 29

Gravity

Answer 29

The gravitational attraction between two bodies is proportional to their masses The greater the mass, greater the gravitation pull F = G * m1 * m2/ R^2 F (N), m (KG), R (m), G the universal gravitational constant

Question 30

Inverse Square Law

Answer 30

Double the distance from a source, the intercity diminishes, ex. double the distance intercity decrease by 1/2*2 = 1/4

Question 31

P^2 = A^3 (Most general form)

Answer 31

P^2 = 4pi^2 a^3 / G (M1 + M2)

Question 32

Mass

Answer 32

Is Intrinsic weight is (w = m g)

Question 33

Challenges of weightlessness

Answer 33

Phycological changes Motion sickness Calcium depletion Eyeballs lose their shapes

Question 34

Density

Answer 34

Amount of material that exits within a given volume p(density) = m (Mass) * v (Volume) water has a density of 1 gm.cm^-3 gold has a density of 19 19 gm.cm^-3