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Unit 1 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What does the cell wall do

A

Protects and helps a cell to keep its shape

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls entry and exit of a cell

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3
Q

Selectively permeable mesning

A

Only certain molecules can pass through

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4
Q

Chloroplast

A

Small green disc in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The jelly inside a cell where organelles are found and where many chemical reaction take place

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains Genetic information (DNA) as chromosomes

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7
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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9
Q

Organelle

A

Any part of a cell found in the cytoplasm

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10
Q

Cellulose

A

The chemical that makes up plant cell walls.

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11
Q

Vacuole

A

A structure found in the cytoplasm that contains cell sap and helps keeps the cell turgid

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12
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular DNA molecules that contain genes. These can be easily removed and inserted into other bacteria cells

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13
Q

What are the cell walls in fungal and bacterial cells made of

A

Different chemicals

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14
Q

Phospholipids

A

Molecules that make up a cell membrane along with proteins

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15
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of molecules that does not require energy

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16
Q

Concentration gradient

A

When both sides of cell membranes have different concentrations

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17
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration down a concentration gradient. That doesn’t require energy

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18
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

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19
Q

Turgid

A

A plant cell that has filled up with water

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20
Q

Plasmolysed

A

A plant cell that has shrunk as water has moved out of it

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21
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of molecules AND ions against a concentration gradient that requires energy

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22
Q

DNA

A

a molecule found on all life on earth

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23
Q

Genetic code

A

The sequences of bases on a DNA molecule that is different for all living things

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24
Q

What is the shape of a DNA molecule

A

Double stranded helix

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25
Gene
A section of DNA that **codes for a protein**
26
mRNA
A molecule which carries a **complementary copy** of the genetic code from the DNA, **in the nucleus**, to a **ribosome**
27
Enzyme
Biological catalysts
28
Catalyst
Something that speeds up a chemical reaction **without being used up**
29
Active site
The part of an enzyme that **binds to the substrate**
30
Substrate
The molecule at the start of the reaction that **binds with the enzyme**
31
Product
The molecule produced at the **end of the reaction**
32
Degradation
A break down reaction
33
Synthesis
A build up reaction
34
Enzyme substrate complex
Formed once the enzyme and the substrate **bind together**
35
Optimum conditions
The conditions that allow an enzyme to be at its **most active**
36
Denatured
When an **enzyme changes shape** an the rate of the reaction decreases
37
Steps of enzyme/substrate reaction
Step 1- the enzyme binds to the substrate at the **active site** Step 2- an enzyme substrate complex is formed Step 3- products are formed then released then the **enzyme can be used again**
38
What are proteins needed for
S-structural H-Hormones A-antibodies R-Receptors E-enzymes
39
What are enzymes made of
Protein
40
Why do enzymes reactions slow down at high temperatures
Because the enzyme becomes denatured as the **enzyme loses its shape** and **cannot fit into the substrate**
41
Genetic engineering
The process of **removing genetic information** from one organism and **inserting it into another**
42
Required gene
The **new gene** that’s being inserted into the organism
43
Source chromosomes
The chromosomes that contain the required gene.
44
Host bacterial cell
The new cell that the **required gene is being inserted into**
45
Steps of genetic engineering
Step 1- identify the section of DNA that contains the **required gene** from the **source chromosome** Step 2-extract the required gene using **enzymes** Step 3-**extract the plasmid** from the bacterial cell Step 4- insert required gene into bacterial **plasmid** and seal using enzymes Step 5- insert plasmid into **host bacterial cell** to produce a genetically modified organism
46
Genetically modified organism
Any living organism that has had its genetic material altered by genetic engineering
47
Respiration
**A series of chemical reactions** that convert energy from **glucose into ATP**
48
ATP
A molecule that cells can use to **transfer energy** from one of the cell to another
49
.
50
Pyruvate
A molecule that is an **intermediate step** in respiration
51
Aerobic respiration
Occurs in the **presence of oxygen**
52
Fermentation
A form of respiration that does **not require oxygen**
53
Lactate
A **product of fermentation** in animal cells
54
Ethanol
A product of fermentation in **plant and yeast cells**
55
What is ATP needed for
Muscle cell contraction Mitosis Protein synthesis
56
Where does aerobic respiration take place
Mitochondria
57
How much ATP does aerobic respiration make
A lot.
58
Steps of glycolysis
Glucose broken down into **two molecules of pyruvate**. Which is **enough to yield two molecules of ATP**
59
Step two (aerobic respiration)
Each pyruvate is broke down into **carbon dioxide and water**. Which is enough to yield a **large amount of ATP** This is the same in plants, animal and yeast.
60
Step 2 (Fermentation) in animals
Pyruvate molecules get converted into **lactate** which only yields **2 ATP**
61
Step 2 (fermentation) in plant and yeast
Pyruvate is converted into **carbon dioxide and ethanol** No additional ATP produced
62
Example of hormone
Insulin and glucagon
63
Example of structural protein
Collagen
64
Example of enzyme
Amylase

Biology (4 decks)

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