UNIT 1 Flashcards
(17 cards)
Name the milestones in AI.
-Ancient AI history (before 1950s)
-Nascent AI (1956-1974)
-First AI winter (1974-1980)
-Knowledge representation (1980-1987)
-Second AI winter (1987-1993)
-Learning from data (since 1993)
Which event was key for the recent history of AI?
The Dartmouth Conference (1956).
Name the key personalities.
-Alan Turing (computer scientist and mathematician, conceptualized the Turing Test).
-John McCarthy (studied automata, coined the term “artificial intelligence”, inventor of LISP, together with MIT and IBM, he established AI as an independent field of study, founder of Stanford AI Laboratory).
-Marvin Minsky (researcher, founder of the MIT AI Laboratory, he combined insights from AI and cognitive science.
-Noam Chomsky (scientist, background in linguistics and philosophy, his works about formal language theory and the development of the Chomsky hierarchy are still important for NLP.
What is the Turing Test?
The Turing test examines if an AI communicates with a human observer without the human observer being able to distinguish whether they are conversing with a machine or another human. If the human cannot identify an AI as such, it is considered as real AI.
What does AI mean according to John McCarthy?
The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.
What is the Chomsky Hierarchy?
A classification of formal languages into four classes, based on the complexity of the grammars that can generate them: regular, context-free, context-sensitive, and recursively enumerable.
Name the key institutions involved in the development of AI.
Dartmouth College and MIT.
Name and define the key disciplines which contributed to the development of AI.
Decision theory combines mathematical probability and economic utility for decision-making, regarding economic benefit and dealing with uncertainty.
Game theory is an important foundation for rational agents to learn strategies to solve games.
Neuroscience is about how the brain works. The insights are increasingly used in AI models, especially as the importance of artificial neural networks (ANN) is increasing.
Natural language processing (NLP) combines linguistics and computer science.
Name three languages that have been developed specifically for AI and what are they designed for.
Lisp (fraud detection and robotics)
Prolog (prove theorems and solve logical formulas)
Python (high-level programming)
Name the 3 factors that have contributed to the recent progress in artificial intelligence.
Increasing availability of massive amounts of data.
Large improvements in data processing capacity.
New insights from mathematics, cognitive science, philosophy, and machine learning.
What is an AI Winter?
Periods of time when interest, research activities, and funding of AI projects are significantly decreased.
Describe the first AI winter (1974 – 1980).
During the Cold War, automatic language translation was a major driver of AI research funding, but challenges like word ambiguities led to disappointing results, such as translating “out of sight, out of mind” into Russian as “invisible idiot.”
Despite having powerful algorithms, there wasn’t enough data for a proper training, which led to expectations not being met. As a result, funding was withdrawn.
Describe the second AI winter (1987 – 1993).
One reason was the collapse of the Lisp machine, which supported the Lisp language. Additionally, early expert systems, which had revived interest in AI, couldn’t progress further due to unmanageable database growth and unreliable results for unknown inputs.
What are the three most important requirements to avoid another AI winter?
Computational power, mature algorithms and the availability of data.
