Unit 1

Question 1

If a scientific article is peer-reviewed, I can always trust the findings.

Answer 1

false

Question 2

why If a scientific article is peer-reviewed, can you not always trust the findings.

Answer 2

This is because research isn’t objective, researchers are incentivized and studies can be biased or of poor quality

Question 3

You cannot blindly trust scientific articles, even if they are peer-reviewed, because

Answer 3

Researchers are inherently incentivized to publish scientific articles
Published studies can be of poor quality
Research is not always objective
Published studies can be biased

Question 4

what are the major types of bias in contemporary science

Answer 4

sex, results & publication bias

Question 5

what is contemporary science

Answer 5

science that is modern and up to date

Question 6

why do researchers use p value

Answer 6

helps to determine if any differences are found between two groups and if they are due to random chance, sampling error or the actual thing we are testing for

Question 7

p value doesn’t indicate probability that the hypothesis being tested is true

Answer 7

true

Question 8

Researchers can design their study to produce very low p-values while ignoring well-grounded scientific reasoning

Answer 8

true

Question 9

what are the sections of an article

Answer 9

title/authors
abstract
introduction
methods
results
discussion
conclusion
references

Question 10

Accurately reflects content and scope of the research and names and affiliations provide insight into their experience and potential biases or conflicts of interests

Answer 10

title/authors

Question 11

what to look for in the title/authors

Answer 11

Look for if the title is clear & informative and do the authors have the necessary background and qualifications to conduct the study

Question 12

Should offer a succinct summary of the study - includes purpose, methodology, key results & conclusions

Answer 12

abstract

Question 13

what to look for in the abstract

Answer 13

Look for if it is clear and concise and reflects the main aspects of the paper and does it provide a coherent overview that aligns with the content in the full article

Question 14

Summarizes in an easy-to-understand format

Answer 14

abstract

Question 15

sets the stage for research study, outlines issues under investigation, review relevant literature and states the study’s objectives/hypothesis

Answer 15

introduction

Question 16

introduction is formulated using

Answer 16

deductive reasoning

Question 17

what is deductive reasoning

Answer 17

the logical process of developing specific hypotheses based on general principles

Question 18

what to look for in the introduction

Answer 18

Look for if it establishes the significance of research, clearly states the research question and if it reviews literature supporting the rationale for the study

Question 19

provides details regarding the study design & includes study design, participants, procedures, study outcomes, instrumentation & data analysis

Answer 19

methods

Question 20

what to look for in methods

Answer 20

Look for if the methodology is appropriate and rigor, assesses sample size and selection, validity and reliability of measurement tools

Question 21

objectively presents the findings using tables, figures and statistical analysis without interpretation

Answer 21

results

Question 22

what to look for in results

Answer 22

Look for clarity in presentation of results, appropriateness of statistical analyses and if it supports the conclusions drawn

Question 23

interpretation of the findings and links back to research questions
This is what we knew before the study and this is what our study adds to the knowledge-base

Answer 23

discussion

Question 24

discussion is formulated by using

Answer 24

inductive reasoning

Question 25

what is inductive reasoning

Answer 25

logical process of developing generalizations based on specific observations

Question 26

what to look for in discussions

Answer 26

Look for if it addresses the study’s findings, limitations and implications logically and thoughtfully and does it situate the study within the broader context of existing research

Question 27

summarizes the main findings, their relevance and potential implications/applications without introducing new data

Answer 27

conclusion

Question 28

what to look for in conclusions

Answer 28

Look for if it expresses the study’s key findings and their significance and check for over-generalizations or unfounded claims

Question 29

what are the most important sections

Answer 29

Methods & results - determines if you should trust the study findings

Question 30

validity

Answer 30

it is testing what it is meant to be testing

Question 31

Nullius in verba

Answer 31

don't take anyones word for it

Question 32

Ceteris paribus

Answer 32

all other things being equal

Question 33

Ceteris paribus

Answer 33

false

Question 34

The authors of a research article have found that their newly devised intervention reduces healing time by 50% compared to the standard intervention. In their Discussion, they recommend the use of their new intervention for patients who fall within their sample parameters. This is an example of: Internal validity Power Inductive reasoning The validity of measures

Answer 34

inductive reasoning

Question 35

In my research manuscript, I have discussed how I arrived at my research question, providing a foundation based on previous research. In which section is this most likely to appear? Introduction Methodology Results Discussion Evidence-based medicine

Answer 35

intro

Question 36

Based on a review of extant evidence, researchers develop and justify hypotheses in their Introduction to a research manuscript. This is an example of: Internal validity Deductive reasoning External validity Internal consistency

Answer 36

deductive reasoning

Question 37

In which section of a manuscript will I find tables, figures and results of statistical analyses? Results Introduction Discussion References

Answer 37

results

Question 38

My comments on how the results of my current research relate to what was known before my study was done would probably appear in the _____________ section of a manuscript. Reference Discussion Introduction Methods

Answer 38

discussion

Question 39

If I were interested in examining the appropriateness and rigor of a study's design, I would focus on the: Introduction Methodology Results Conclusion

Answer 39

methodology

Question 40

Based on the instructors' perspective, which are the two most important sections of a research manuscript? Introduction and Discussion Methods and Results Introduction and Methods Introduction and Conclusion

Answer 40

Methods and Results

Question 41

The phrase, "Nullius in verba," means: All things being equal Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth. It is done. Don’t take anyone’s word for it

Answer 41

Don’t take anyone’s word for it

Question 42

Which section of a journal article will allow you to assess the overall quality of the study and determine whether or not you can trust the findings of the study? Abstract Introduction Methods Discussion

Answer 42

methods

Question 43

The title should be concise yet descriptive, accurately reflecting the content and scope of the research. The title should be clear and informative. For example, based on the title, "pertubation-based training targeting both slip and trip induced falls among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. what do you think the intervention of interest is for this study? Perturbation-based balance training Trip-induced falls Older adults Slip-induced falls

Answer 43

Perturbation-based balance training

Question 44

What is the name of the journal this article was published in? Allin LJ, Brolinson PG, Beach BM, Kim S, Nussbaum MA, Roberto KA, Madigan ML. Perturbation-based balance training targeting both slip- and trip-induced falls among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Jun 12;20(1):205. BMC Open Access Nature Randomized Controlled Trial BMC Geriatrics

Answer 44

BMC Geriatrics

Question 45

who are the authors? Allin LJ, Brolinson PG, Beach BM, Kim S, Nussbaum MA, Roberto KA, Madigan ML. Perturbation-based balance training targeting both slip- and trip-induced falls among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Jun 12;20(1):205.

Answer 45

Allin LJ, Brolinson PG, Beach BM, Kim S, Nussbaum MA, Roberto KA, Madigan ML.

Question 46

how many authors are in the article Allin LJ, Brolinson PG, Beach BM, Kim S, Nussbaum MA, Roberto KA, Madigan ML.

Answer 46

7

Question 47

who is a corresponding author

Answer 47

the primary or senior investigator and typically serves as the primary contact for any questions related to the article

Question 48

area where you will find a concise summary of the main aspects of the paper, such as the purpose, methods, results, conclusions, and keywords

Answer 48

abstract

Question 49

This section should set the stage for the study including outlining the problem, reviewing relevant literature, and stating the study's purpose, aims, and/or hypotheses

Answer 49

introduction

Question 50

detail the study’s design, participant selection, data collection methods, and analysis procedures

Answer 50

methods

Question 51

objectively present the findings, often using tables, figures, and statistical analyses, without interpretation

Answer 51

results

Question 52

interprets the results, linking them back to the research questions and comparing them with existing literature

Answer 52

discussion

Question 53

summarize the main findings, their relevance, and potential implications or applications, without introducing new data

Answer 53

conclusion

Question 54

lists all sources cited in the article, demonstrating the research foundation and situating the study within the academic field

Answer 54

references

Question 55

The title should be concise yet descriptive, accurately reflecting the content and scope of the research. The title should be clear and informative. For example, based on the title, "virtual reality for tinnitus management: a randomized controlled trial" what do you think the intervention of interest is for this study? Tinnitus Usual care Virtual reality Audiogram

Answer 55

virtaul reality

Question 56

What is the name of the journal of article was published in? Deshpande AK, Bhatt I, Rojanaworarit C. Virtual reality for tinnitus management: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Audiol. 2022;61(10):868-875. International Journal of Audiology The International Audiology Society The journal name is not provided Nordic Audiology Society

Answer 56

International Journal of Audiology

Question 57

How many authors are associated with the article? Deshpande AK, Bhatt I, Rojanaworarit C. Virtual reality for tinnitus management: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Audiol. 2022;61(10):868-875.

Answer 57

3