Unit 2

Question 1

What makes a good research question?

Answer 1

The question has to be feasible, answerable & specific

Question 2

Determining overall feasibility of the question

Answer 2

Can it be answered w/ brief study and completed with constraints

Question 3

constraints to consider in its feasibility

Answer 3

enough time to complete it, qualified team to complete it, and is there enough funds

Question 4

what can be used to determine feasibility

Answer 4

pilot studies

Question 5

what are pilot studies

Answer 5

prelim study conducted on a small scale (5-10) w/ same design and procedures as the full study

Question 6

what is the benefit of using a pilot study

Answer 6

helps determine overall feasibility with time, cost, personnel & sample size needed

Question 7

Best way to develop a research question that is answerable is for researchers to

Answer 7

specify the basic components of the study

Question 8

Common mistakes associated with answerable

Answer 8

Too general
questions that start with “why” are difficult to answer using a scientific approach

Question 9

3 major elements to make a question specific

Answer 9

target population, IV, & DVs

Question 10

When developing a good research question, you should ensure the question is

Answer 10

specific, answerable, feasible

Question 11

One of your colleagues is preparing a grant proposal for a research study but is not sure how much money to request within the proposal.
To estimate the cost of the research study, you suggest to your colleague that she first conduct a:

Answer 11

pilot study

Question 12

Which of the following statement(s) is accurate about pilot studies?
They can help estimate the overall feasibility of the proposed full study
They can help estimate the time needed to complete the proposed full study
They use a different research design and procedures from the proposed full study
They can help estimate the sample size needed to complete the proposed full study
They investigate a smaller number of participants (eg, 5-10)

Answer 12

They can help estimate the overall feasibility of the proposed full study
They can help estimate the time needed to complete the proposed full study
They can help estimate the sample size needed to complete the proposed full study
They investigate a smaller number of participants (eg, 5-10)

Question 13

To ensure that a research question is answerable and specific, the question should identify which of the following?
The confounding variables
The target population
The sample size
The dependent variable
The independent variable

Answer 13

target population
DV
IV

Question 14

general description; dictionary definition

Answer 14

conceptual definition

Question 15

defines variables according to its unique meaning in a study

Answer 15

operational definition

Question 16

what are confounding variables

Answer 16

extraneous variables related to IV & DVs & can inflate, deflate or conflate the findings which masks the true impact of the IV & DVs

Question 17

3 primary components specified by a good research question

Answer 17

target population
IV
DV

Question 18

what is the target population

Answer 18

group to whom you can generalize your results

Question 19

how is the target population operationalized

Answer 19

inclusion & exclusion criteria

Question 20

what is inclusion characteristics

Answer 20

major characteristics of the population you are interested in studying; characteristics they have to qualify for the study

Question 21

what are exclusion criteria

Answer 21

identifies attributes that could confound study findings; identify potential confounding factors that could mask the true findings of the study)

Question 22

what is the IV

Answer 22

Variable that differs bw groups and/within subjects of the study
Described as a construct level (e.g., treatment, intervention, etc.)

Question 23

how is IV operationalized

Answer 23

by providing enough details to
Distinguish bw levels of IV & replicate same procedures in another study

Question 24

what is a common mistake made with IV

Answer 24

identify it as one of its levels

Question 25

what is the DV

Answer 25

Variable in which you would expect to see a difference between groups; outcome of the study

Question 26

how is the DV operationized

Answer 26

by how it is being measured (researcher should describe how the tool or instrument is used to measure the study outcome & in enough detail to be replicated) Each measurement tool should have reliability & validity

Question 27

The inclusion criteria are factors that may potentially over- or under-estimate the effects of the independent variable

Answer 27

false

Question 28

To operationalize the target population, the researcher should:

Answer 28

Provide enough details to clearly distinguish who is and who is not in the population Define the inclusion and exclusion criteria

Question 29

You are conducting a study based on the following research question: In patients who suffer from migraines, will the use of acupuncture reduce pain significantly better than Ibuprofen? What is your independent variable:

Answer 29

treatment

Question 30

You are conducting a study based on the following research question: In patients who suffer from migraines, will the use of acupuncture reduce pain significantly better than Ibuprofen? What is your dependent variable:

Answer 30

pain

Question 31

You are conducting a study based on the following research question: In patients who suffer from migraines, will the use of acupuncture reduce pain significantly better than Ibuprofen? How would you operationalize the independent variable?

Answer 31

Describe the specific procedures and parameters of the Ibuprofen protocol Describe the specific procedures and parameters of the acupuncture therapy

Question 32

what is the purpose statement

Answer 32

Describes the primary objective of the study

Question 33

what is the specific aims

Answer 33

A specific description of the study’s purpose

Question 34

what is a hypothesis

Answer 34

Researcher’s educated guess about the anticipated outcome of a study

Question 35

Good research questions act as a study outline & foundation to identify

Answer 35

the purpose, specific aims & hypotheses

Question 36

They all describe what the study is expected to accomplish & are all variations of the research question

Answer 36

true

Question 37

IN PTs who suffer from routine migraines, will the use of acupunture significantly reduce pain better than ibuprofen purpose? aim? hypothesis?

Answer 37

Purpose - purpose of thhis study is to determine whether the use of acupuncture will significantly reduce pain better than ibuprofen in PTs who suffer routine migraines Specific aims - we aim to determine whether the use of acupuncture will significantly reduce pain as measured by the visual analogue scale better than ibuprofen in PTs who suffer routine migraines Hypothesis - we hypothesize that the use of acupuncture will significantly reduce pain better than ibuprofen in PTs who suffer from migraines

Question 38

A concise definition of the target population is important in determining:

Answer 38

The patients to whom you can generalize the results of the study

Question 39

A good operational definition of the independent variable will include:

Answer 39

Enough details about the procedures that someone else could replicate them

Question 40

Which of the following operationally defines your target population?

Answer 40

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Question 41

You are interested in determining if a hearing retraining program results in better patient satisfaction than a hearing aid device in patients with tinnitus. In this study, what would be your independent variable?

Answer 41

intervention grou[p

Question 42

You are interested in determining if a hearing retraining program results in better patient satisfaction than a hearing aid device in patients with tinnitus. In this study, how would you operationally define your dependent variable? One group pretest-posttest design Explain how you intend to measure patient satisfaction Describe your inclusion and exclusion criteria Identify potential confounding factors Provide a detailed description of the hearing retraining program and the hearing aid device

Answer 42

Explain how you intend to measure patient satisfaction

Question 43

The notion of generalizability refers to:

Answer 43

The degree to which results from a study can be applied to the entire target population

Question 44

I am proposing to test this hypothesis: Vestibular rehabilitation will significantly improve dizziness, as measured by the Dizziness Handicap Index, better than a rest-only protocol. What component is missing from my hypothesis statement?

Answer 44

target population

Question 45

In outlining the research question for my report of a study comparing the efficacy of a balance program to a placebo (doing nothing) to prevent falls, I refer to my independent variable as “balance program.” What is the problem? I haven’t defined efficacy I haven’t defined the target population I haven’t operationalized my dependent variable I have selected a constant, rather than a variable

Answer 45

I have selected a constant, rather than a variable

Question 46

Which of the following is an educated guess about the results of the study? Specific aim Research question Hypotheses Purpose statement

Answer 46

hypothesis

Question 47

At the end of the Introduction to my research report, I write: "We intend to determine if taking 24 micrograms of vitamin B12 each day for 14 days will decrease the time to recovery from acute aphasia relative to taking the same dose of St. John’s Wort." What kind of statement is this? Specific aim Operationalization Purpose statement Hypothesis

Answer 47

purpose statement

Question 48

what is target pop? how is it operationalized? what is the critique

Answer 48

The group of people we want to (1) learn something about and (2) generalize our findings to The inclusion and exclusion criteria Does the inclusion criteria include the major characteristics of the target population? Does the exclusion criteria include all potential factors that could confound study findings?

Question 49

what is IV? how is it operationalized? what is the critique

Answer 49

The variable we are manipulating NOT the same as the intervention we are interested in studying Describe how the interventions were provided Are there enough details to replicate the interventions in clinical practice? Are there enough details to show the groups are clearly different from one another?

Question 50

what is DV? how is it operationalized? what is the critique

Answer 50

The study outcome. This is the variable you expect to see differences between two treatment groups. Identify the tools that were used to measure the outcome Are the tools an appropriate for the outcome of interest? Are the tools reliable and valid?

Question 51

How to critically review an article you have to

Answer 51

Identify primary components of a study What are aspects of the study design that impact overall quality of a study Ask the right questions Aimed at assessing overall quality of the study design Assess overall quality of the study design Based on right questions, what did you find and how do those findings impact study design Do they enhance or diminish quality of the study

Question 52

As a reader/reviewer of a journal article, the exclusion criteria should identify the major factors or characteristics that would:

Answer 52

Likely confound the study results

Question 53

Intensive speech and language therapy in patients with chronic aphasia after stroke: a randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint, controlled trial in a health-care setting What is the independent variable in the study?

Answer 53

intervention

Question 54

How many groups were investigated in this study?

Answer 54

Two; intervention group and control group

Question 55

As a reader/reviewer of a journal article, how would you determine if the authors have operationalized the independent variable sufficiently? A. There are enough details for a clinician or researcher to replicate the interventions B. There are enough details describing the clear difference between the study groups C. There are enough details describing the instruments used to measure the interested variables. A and B All of the above

Answer 55

a and b