Unit 1 Flashcards
The Chemistry of Life
1
Q
H2O
A
- polar hydrogen bonds
- play major role in 3D shape of proteins and nucleic acids
- 70% of human body
- density is high
2
Q
cohesion
A
water’s attraction to itself
3
Q
adhesion
A
water’s attraction to other surfaces/charged things
4
Q
hydrophillic
A
- anything charged
- anything polar, ionic compounds
- anything that can dissolve in water
5
Q
hydrophobic
A
- can’t dissolve in water
- nonpolar substances
- repels water
6
Q
heat of vaporization
A
- the amount of energy it takes to turn a liquid into gas
- of water is high
7
Q
evaporative cooling
A
as liquid evaporates, the surface that remains behind cools down
8
Q
specific heat
A
- amount of energy absorbed or lost to change something one degree Celsius
- of water is high
9
Q
number of protons
A
atomic number =
10
Q
isotopes
A
made up by different numbers of neutrons that result in different atomic masses
- same amount of protons
11
Q
radioactive isotopes
A
- nucleus decays spontaneously into particles and energy
- used for diagnosis and treatments
12
Q
radiometric data
A
uses the rate of decay or half-life tp determine the ages of fossils
13
Q
calculating the mass of an atom
A
number of neutrons plus the number of protonsin an atom
14
Q
hydrocarbons
A
organic compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms
15
Q
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
A
- can be attached to another molecule to do certain things
- determine how a molecule interacts and reacts
16
Q
hydroxyl
A
- OH
- typically found in carbohydrates (alcohols)
- hydrogen bonds
17
Q
methyl
A
- CH3
- methane (CH4) but take away a hydrogen
- the only hydrophobic functional group
- in nucleic acids
18
Q
sulfhydryl
A
- SH
- forms disulfide bridges (what makes your hair curly)
- in proteins (cysteine)
19
Q
phosphate
A
- PO4
- is on your DNA (nucleic acids)
- in lipids and ATP
20
Q
carboxyl
A
- COOH
- acidic
- in proteins
- gives off H+
21
Q
amino
A
- NH2
- basic
- receives H+
22
Q
TYPES OF BONDS
A
23
Q
ionic bonds
A
- intramolecular (within a molecule)
- formed between cations and anions (oppositely charged atoms)
- between metal and nonmetal
- transfer of electrons
24
Q
covalent bonds
A
- intramolecular (within a molecule)
- share of electrons
- between two nonmetals
- nonpolar (equal share) or polar (unequal share)
25
inter(between)molecular formulas (IMF’s)
london dispersion forces
- all molecules
- van der waals (very weak, contribute to 3D shape of molecules)
hydrogen
- OH bonds
- hold together all molecules in the universe
26
TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES
monomers come together to form polymers
27
carbohydrate
- C6H12O6
- monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
- 1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen
- serve as fuel and building material
- ex. sugars, starch, glycogen, cellulose
28
glycogen and starch
- examples of polysaccharides
- alpha bonds
- for storing things (branched structure), so they need to be easily broken down
29
cellulose and chitin
- examples of polysaccharides
- beta bonds
- have structural purposes (linear structure), so need to not be easily broken down
30
amino acids (structure)
- amino group + side chain + H + carboxyl group
- to attach two ________, need dehydration synthesis
31
dehydration synthesis
- a chemical process where a molecule loses water
- forms covalent bonds between two molecules
32
hydrolysis
a chemical reaction that breaks down molecules by adding water
33
lipids
- mostly hydrocarbons
- phospholipids
- important energy source, insulation
- other examples: steroid hormones (ex. estrogen and testosterone), cholesterol, glycerol, fatty acids, transfats
34
saturated lipids
- all the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain are single-bonded to hydrogen atoms
- animal fats (thick, solid at room temp.)
35
unsaturated lipids
- double bonds
- liquidy fats
36
nucleic acids
- the only polymers that have phosphate
- made up by nucleotides (monomers)
- phosphodiester linkage creates sugar-phosphate backbone
- carry genetic info, codes for amino acid sequences
37
nucleotides (structure)
- phosphate group
- nitrogenous base
- ribose sugar
38
DNA can only be built in the
3’ direction
39
purines
adenine and guanine
40
pyrimidines
uracil, thymine, and cytosine
41
nucleotides are added to the ____ end of RNA during synthesis
3’
- if this site is blocked, synthesis stops
42
STATS IN BIOLOGY
43
low standard deviation
- data is closer to the mean
- independent variable is likely the cause for change
44
high standard deviation
- data is farther from the mean
- can’t rely too much on the data
45
standard deviation
a measure of how spread out the data is from the mean
46
standard error of the mean
- used to determine the precision of and confidence in the mean value
47
chi-square value
- used to test null hypothesis, if observed and expected values are close enough to accept
- compare to critical value, which is found using a chart and the degrees of freedom (# categories - 1)
- if x² > C.V. , REJECT null hypothesis
- if x² < C.V. , ACCEPT null hypothesis
48
chemical properties and reactivity
electrons are what determine the ______ of the element
49
transpiration
the movement of water up the xylem tubes of a plant and its evaporation from the stomata
50
acids
low pH, high H+
51
bases
high pH, high OH- (hydroxide)
52
buffers
- minimize changes in pH
- accept H+ when in excess and donate H+ when in depletion
- ex. carbonic acid regulates pH in blood plasma and in the ocean
53
isomers
molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in their atom arrangement and potentially biological activities
54
proteins
- made up of amino acid monomers, that are linked by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis
- functions: antibodies, movement, membrane receptors
55
primary protein structure
the unique sequence in which amino acids are joined
56
secondary protein structure
- one of two 3D shapes that are the result of hydrogen bonding between members of the polypeptide backbone
- alpha (α) helix: coil
- beta (β) pleated sheet: kinked sheet
57
tertiary protein structure
interactions between the side chains/R groups, resulting in a complex globular shape (ex. enzymes)
58
quaternary structure
association of two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein (ex. hemoglobin)
- not all proteins
59
a protein is denatured when it loses its ____ and its ability to ___
shape; function
60
nucleic acids are made up of:
carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
61
carbon and nitrogen
protein are made up of:
62
carbon and phosphorus
lipids are made up of:
63
electronegativity
atom’s attraction for electrons
64
chemical equilibrium
rate of forward and reverse reactions are equal
65
put ____ into unsaturated fats to saturate them
H+
66
calorie
the amount of heat that 1g of water releases when it cools by one degree Celsius
