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AP Biology Exam > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

inate behavior

A
  • developmentally fixed
  • inherited/unlearned
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2
Q

fixed action patterns (FAPs)

A

sequences of unlearned acts that are largely unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated

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3
Q

circadian rhythms

A

occur on a daily cycle
- triggered by differing day lengths or lunar cycles

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4
Q

pheromones

A

chemical signals emitted by members of a species that affect other members
- reproductive behavior/alarm signal

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5
Q

false

A

behavior cannot be directed by genes (T/F)

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6
Q

altruism

A

when animals behave in a way that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of others in the population
- ex. a blue jay giving an alarm call attracts attention to its location

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7
Q

inclusive fitness

A

the total effect an individual has on proliferating its gene by producing its own offspring and by provision aid that enables other close relatives to produce offspring
- favored by kin selection

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8
Q

thermoregulation

A

how animals maintain their internal temp. within a tolerable range
- may involve physiological changes of behavior

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9
Q

endotherms

A

warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism
- ex. birds and mammals

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10
Q

ectotherms

A

generate relatively little metabolic heat, gaining most from external sources
- ex. invertebrates, fish, reptiles

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11
Q

metabolic rate

A

total amount of energy used in a unit of time
- generally higher for endotherms than for ectotherms
- inversely related to body size
- ex. elephants experience lower ___________ than mice

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12
Q

ecology

A

the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

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13
Q

four key components of climate:

A

temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind

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14
Q

microclimate

A

determined by fine-scale variations such as sunlight and temp. differences under a log compared with the surrounding forest floor

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15
Q

regional
- affected by the changing angle of the sun, bodies of water, and mountains

A

microclimate patterns work at the global, _______, or local leven

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16
Q

climate
- some will not be able to shift quickly enough to survive

A

changes in ______ can alter the population sizes or distribution of many species

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17
Q

biomes

A

the mayor types of ecosystems that occupy very broad geographic regions

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18
Q

biotic factors

A

include interactions with other species through predation and herbivory, parasites, pathogens, and competing organisms

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19
Q

abiotic components

A

the nonliving, chemical, and physical
- ex. temp., water, oxygen, salinity, sunlight, soil

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20
Q

both abiotic and biotic factors influence the reproductive fitness of individuals in a population (T/F)

A

true
- they are major forces of natural selection

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21
Q

density

A

number of individuals per unit area or volume

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22
Q

random

A

there can be clumped, uniform/evenly spaced, and _______ dispersion of species within a population

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23
Q

demography

A

the study of vital statistics of a population, especially birth, death, and migration rates

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24
Q

survivorship curve

A

graphic way to show birth and death rates

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25
survivorship curve type i
low until sharp increase of death rate in older age groups
26
survivorship curve type ii
constant death rate over the organism's life span
27
survivorship curve type iii
very high death rates, then flat rate for the few who reach old age
28
exponential population growth equation
dN/dt = rmax(N) - N: population - rmax: maximum per-capita rate of increase for the species under study
29
carrying capacity (K)
max population size that a certain environment can support at a particular time with no degradation of the habitat
30
population’s growth rate =
birth rate - death rate - doesn’t take immigration or emigration into consideration
31
logistic growth model
the per-capita rate of incease declines as carrying capacity is reached
32
logistic growth equation
dN/dt = rmax(N)(K - N)/K
33
life history
traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and suvival - how early in life does reproduction begin? - reproduce how often? - how many offspring per reproductive event?
34
k-selection
selection of life history traits that are sensitive to population density and carrying capacity - sometimes associated with logistic growth model
35
r-selection
selection for traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments
36
density-independent factors
when the death rate does not change with an increase in population density - ex. natural disasters
37
density-dependent factors
death rate that rises as population density rises and birth rate falls - ex. competition for resources, territoriality, disease, predation
38
negative
density-dependent factors regulate population size by ______ feedback
39
demographic transition
when a population goes from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
40
age structure pyramids
show the relative number of individuals of each age in a population and can be used to predict and explain many demographic patterns
41
ecological footprint
the total Land and water area needed for all the resources a person consumes in a population
42
COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS
43
community
a group of population of different species living close enough to interact with each other
44
inter-specific interactions
may be positive, negative, or neutral
45
inter-specific competition
occurs when resources are in short supply, resulting in a -/- interaction
46
competitive exclusion principle
states that the species with the reproductive advantage with eliminate the other
47
ecological niche
the sum total of biotic and abiotic resources a species uses in its environment
48
fundamental niche vs. realized niche
the potential vs. actual niche a species occupies
49
niche partitioning
occurs when species evolve to reduce competition for resources
50
predation
+/- interaction where one species (the predator) eats another (the prey)
51
adaptations to predation
cryptic coloration, aposematic coloration, batesian mimicry, and mullerian mimicry
52
herbivory
a +/- interaction where herbivores eat part of a plant or alga
53
parasitism
a +/- interaction where the parasite benefits at the host's expense
54
mutualism
a +/+ interaction where both species benefit
55
commensalism
benefits one species but neither harms nor helps the other (+/0)
56
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE & SPECIES DIVERSITY
57
community structure
relates to species diversity, which includes species richness and relative abundance
58
more
more diverse communities tend to be ______ productive and stable
59
Simpson's Diversity Index
used to measure community diversity
60
TROPHIC STRUCTURE & ENERGY FLOW
61
trophic structure
refers to feeding relationships among organisms in a community
62
primary producers to consumers
energy flows through a food chain, from ___________
63
energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, with about __% efficiency
10
64
trophic cascade
occurs when a predator controls herbivore populations, affecting produce populations - affect higher level, lower level changes either increase or decrease - affect lower level, all levels either decrease too or increase
65
dominant species have the lowest biomass/are the least abundant (T/F)
false
66
keystone species
exert control over community structure through their ecological niche
67
DISTURBANCE & ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
68
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
suggests moderate disturbances foster higher species diversity
69
ecological succession
refers to transitions in species composition over time
70
primary succession
occurs in lifeless areas, like newly formed volcanic islands
71
secondary succession
happens after a disturbance that leaves the soil intact, like an abandoned farm
72
BIO-GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS & ISLAND BIO-GEOGRAPHY
73
latitude and area affect community diversity, with ____ diversity in the tropics and larger areas
more
74
island bio-geography model
predicts species richness based on island size and distance from the mainland
75
HUMAN IMPACT & DISEASE
76
pathogens
when introduced to new habitats can drastically affect ecosystems, as with chestnut blight and coral diseases
77
_______ activities transport pathogens globally, causing ecological disruptions
human
78
ENERGY FLOW & CHEMICAL CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS
79
first law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transferred
80
second law of thermodynamics
energy conversions and inefficient, with energy lost as heat
81
PRIMARY PRODUCTION & NUTRIENT CYCLING
82
gross primary PRODUCTION (GPP)
total energy captured by primary producers
83
net primary PRODUCTION (NPP)
GPP minus energy used by producers

AP Biology Exam (8 decks)

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