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Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a word?

A

Simplest unit of communication; linguistic signs; representations

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2
Q

Do words have a necessary connection with reality?

A

No, they do not paint an objective realistic picture of reality

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3
Q

What are the 4 properties of words?

A

Artificial - made by people
Arbitrary - chosen by people
Conventional - agreed upon
Material - can be observed

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4
Q

What is a concept?

A

building blocks of knowledge; general idea; immaterial

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5
Q

What is the relationship between words and concepts?

A

Words -> concepts -> knowledge claims -> argument

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6
Q

How are concepts formed according to John Locke?

A

All things that exist in the world are particulars

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7
Q

What is abstraction in terms of concepts?

A

General terms were invented to represent common characteristics among particulars

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8
Q

What is the difference between simple and complex terms?

A

Simple terms are 1 word; complex terms are several words

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9
Q

What is the difference between proper name and general name?

A

Proper names refer to one specific idea; general names refer to many things sharing the same name

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10
Q

What is the definition of a term in philosophy?

A

Linguistic representation of a concept

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11
Q

What are the two aspects from which every term can be analyzed?

A

Intension and Extension

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12
Q

What does the extension of a concept refer to?

A

Identifying the kind of things that are members of the domain of the object

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13
Q

What does the intension of a concept refer to?

A

Traits, characteristics, or functions shared by the members of that concept

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14
Q

What is exclusive membership?

A

reflects the essential properties

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15
Q

What is a vague concept?

A

Intension is not specific and extension extends beyond intended members

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16
Q

What is an essential property?

A

Possession of the trait is a necessary and sufficient condition to qualify as a member of the extension of the concept

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17
Q

What is essentialism?

A

If there is no essential property held in common by all members, the concept cannot be meaningful

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18
Q

What is Wittgenstein’s concept of family resemblance?

A

A complicated network of similarities overlapping and crisscrossing among concepts

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19
Q

How do words take on meaning?

A

Through the way people use them in a verbal community

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20
Q

What does Wittgenstein mean by ‘the meaning of a word is its use in the language’?

A

Actual use by real people in real linguistic contexts

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21
Q

What is a conventional use of a word?

A

Use that gains currency and integrates into various language games

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22
Q

What are ambiguous terms?

A

Words with a conventional use that acquire different meanings in different language games

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23
Q

What are vague terms?

A

Unclear distinction between other concepts/objects

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24
Q

What is the cardinal rule in discussions?

A

Never take part unless you are sure both are using the same word in the same way

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25
What defines empirical concepts?
Members can be observed in the world; they exist in space and time
26
What are theoretical concepts?
Cannot be readily observed in space and time; observable only through powerful sensory extending devices
27
What are dispositional concepts?
Hybrid concept from the sciences that exhibit observable traits under certain conditions
28
What are analytic concepts?
Cannot be found in the world; conceptual creations of our minds
29
What do evaluative concepts cover?
* Moral * Aesthetic * Religious * Legal
30
What are fictitious concepts?
Extension is purely imaginary, like mermaids or unicorns
31
What are metaphysical concepts?
Fundamental and immaterial; interact with the body
32
What is the intrasubjectivity test?
Self can identify, reidentify, and observe the concept anytime
33
What is the intersubjectivity test?
Others can observe the entity anytime
34
What is the fallacy of equivocation?
Faulty conclusions because of differences in meaning
35
What is verbal agreement?
Illusion of agreement because of same words, different meanings
36
What is a definition by synonym?
Defining an unfamiliar term with a familiar term
37
What is a circular definition?
Defining an unfamiliar term by using the term itself
38
What is a negative definition?
Defining the concept by what it is not
39
What is an ostensive definition?
Pointing to members of the extension of the concept
40
What is a reportive definition?
Lexical or dictionary definition providing information about standard use
41
What is a stipulative definition?
Used when introducing technical terms in any field of knowledge; jargon
42
What is an operational definition?
Defines (dispositional) concepts in terms of performable operations
43
What are the parts of an analytic definition?
* Deniendum * Deniens * Denotata
44
What is the deniendum?
Concept to be defined
45
What is the deniens?
Intension of the concept, including genus and differentia
46
What is the denotata?
Extension of the concept
47
What are the 5 types of sentences?
Interrogative - question Imperative - command Exclamatory - feelings Expletive - desire Declarative - expresses knowledge claims; have truth value
48
What is knowledge?
Information
49
What are the types of knowledge?
Ability - know-how Acquaintance - encounter Propositional - factual
50
What is a knowledge claim?
A declarative sentence that asserts something about reality and has truth values
51
What is the difference between a statement and a sentence?
* Statements are true or false; logical constructs * Sentences are neither true nor false; linguistic constructs
52
What are factors that make a statement meaningless?
Out of context - cannot be interpreted properly (she drank food) Category mistake - 2 parts of a statement are mismatched (what color is the number seven?) Self-contradictory - (he fell upwards) Untranslatable metaphor - ambiguous figurative meaning
53
What is the Principle of Identity?
If P is true, then P is true; if P is false, then P is false
54
What is the Principle of Non-Contradiction?
A statement cannot both be true and false at the same time and in the same respect
55
What is inconsistency?
Two statements can be both false but not both true.
56
What is the Principle of Excluded Middle?
A statement can only have two truth values: true or false
57
What is the Principle of Contrast?
Contrasting statements cannot be all true but can be all false
58
What are the three conditions to say 'I know that P'?
* P is true * I believe in P * I am justified in believing in P
59
Who are the key philosophers associated with rationalism?
* Rene Descartes * Baruch Spinoza * Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
60
Who are the key philosophers associated with empiricism?
* John Locke * George Berkeley * David Hume
61
What are the three central issues in epistemology?
* What is the source/sources of knowledge? * Given the source, what can be known? * How do we validate our knowledge claims?
62
What do rationalists believe is the only source of knowledge?
Reason
63
What type of truth do rationalists accept?
Coherence theory of truth
64
What type of truth do empiricists accept?
Correspondence theory of truth
65
What is the method of doubt in rationalism?
Doubting perception and belief to establish certainty
66
What do empiricist philosophers emphasize as sources of knowledge?
The faculty of the five senses
67
What are Hume's categories of mental perceptions?
* Impressions - vivid sensory experiences * Ideas - faint copies of impressions
68
What are the two types of knowledge claims according to Hume?
Analytic Empirical
69
Who is David Hume?
brought empiricism to a logical conclusion; argues nothing is certain in the world of observation
70
What are the 3 Psychological Laws of Association
Resemblance - looks like something else Contiguity - part assumes whole Causality - cause and effect
71
What are the 2 types of propositions?
Relation of ideas / Analytic - equivalent relation; tautology Matter of fact / Empirical - based off of experience; world of practical affairs
72
What is logical positivism?
An epistemological principle argued by Rene Descartes
73
What are the 2 sources of knowledge according to logical positivism?
Reason Experience
74
What are the 2 types of knowledge
Formal - math, algebra Informal - natural sciences
75
What are the 2 theories of truth?
Theory of coherence Theory of correspondence
76
What makes a proposition meaningless?
If they cannot be proven true or false
77
What are the types of meaningless propositions?
metaphysical, moral, ethical, aesthetic, evaluative, historical*, general
78
What is epistemic duty?
Do not accept any proposition without sufficient evidence

Philo 1 (2 decks)

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