unit 1

Question 1

Nature

Answer 1

Genetic or predisposed characteristics that influence physical behavior and mental traits and processes

Question 2

Nurture

Answer 2

External factors that one experiences such as family interactions or education

Question 3

Evolutionary perspective

Answer 3

Explores how natural selection affects the expression of behavior and mental processes to increase survival and reproductive success

Question 4

Phrenology

Answer 4

Belief that bumps on the skull can explain underlying functions of the brain

Question 5

central nervous system

Answer 5

includes the brain and the spinal cord and interacts with all processes in the body

Question 6

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 6

relays messages from the central nervous system to the rest of the body and includes the autonomic and somatic nervous systems

Question 7

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 7

governs processes that are involuntary and includes the parasympathetic and sympatheic nervous system

Question 8

Somatic nervous system

Answer 8

Governs processes that are voluntary and enables sensations

Question 9

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 9

part of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy and promotes rest and digest functions, slowing heart rate and increasing digestion maintains homeostasis

Question 10

Sympatheic nervous system

Answer 10

Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the flight or fight response, increasing heart rate, and energy production in response to stress or anger

Question 11

Interneurons

Answer 11

neurons that intervene between sensory inputs and motor outputs within in the spinal cord

Question 12

Gate control theory

Answer 12

belief that there is something within our brain stem that decides if pain makes it to the brian

Question 13

Cell body

Answer 13

provides the energy to power neural transmission that will engage action potential

Question 14

Dendrite

Answer 14

area of the neuron that receives the messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body

Question 15

axon

Answer 15

Neural extension that sends messages from dendrites to axon

Question 16

Myelin sheath

Answer 16

protective coating of axon that aides in the speeding up of neural transmission

Question 17

Glial cells

Answer 17

cells that provide structure, insulation, communication and waste transport

Question 18

Note of Ranvier

Answer 18

interruptions alogn the axon that allow for easier ionic exchange to aide in action potential

Question 19

Axon terminal

Answer 19

button like ending of axon that meets up with the synapse

Question 20

Synapse

Answer 20

junction between axon and next dendrite

Question 21

Spinal cord reflex arc

Answer 21

demonstrates how neurons within the central and peripheral nervous systems work together to respond to stimuli

Question 22

Neurotransmitters

Answer 22

chemical messengers that relay signals between neurons, with each one having specific functions depending on its location and the type of message

Question 23

Excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 23

increases the likelihood that the receiving neuron will fire an action potential

Question 24

inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 24

decreases the likelihood of the receiving neuron firing

Question 25

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 25

alters neurotransmitter functions at various points in the neural communication process

Question 26

Agonist

Answer 26

mimic or enhance a neurotransmitters effect, encouraging neural firing

Question 27

Antagonist

Answer 27

blocks a neurotransmitter effects discouraging neural firing

Question 28

Acetylcholine

Answer 28

involved in muscle movement, memory and learning, an undersupply can lead to paralysis while an oversupply can lead to violent muscle contractions

Question 29

Dopamine

Answer 29

plays a key role in pleasure, motuavtion and reward as well in regulating movement an undersupply can lead to parkinsons disease while an oversupply can lead to schizophrenia

Question 30

Serotionin

Answer 30

helps regulate mood, appetite, sleep and emotional well being . an undersupply leads to depression while an oversupply can lead to OCD

Question 31

Norepinephrine

Answer 31

involved in the body's stress response, affecting alertness, arousal and the fight or flight response. An undersupply can lead to Bipolar disorder while an oversupply can lead to high blood plessure

Question 32

GABA

Answer 32

inhibits nerve activity in the briain, helping to calm and reduce anxiety. an undersupply can lead to insomnia and seizures while an oversupply can lead to sleep or eating disorders

Question 33

Gluatmate

Answer 33

the most common excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain, involved in learning and memory. An oversupply can lead to overstimulation of the brain

Question 34

Endorphins

Answer 34

act as natural painkillers and helps reduce stress and promotes a feeling of well being. oversupply leads to inadequate pain warnings and undersupply leads to intencse pain

Question 35

Substance P

Answer 35

Transmits pain signal and it is involved in the bodys response to injury, abnormal levels can lead to major depressive disorder and PTSD

Question 36

Resting potential

Answer 36

Neuron is in a settled manner but has become aware of surroundings, small charges are apparent

Question 37

Action potential

Answer 37

the energy of the nucleus allows for the messages to be fired down the axon. threshold of exitiation and far beyond

Question 38

Reputake

Answer 38

travelers on stand by, neurotransmitters in synapse recycled for possible later use by previous pre synaptic neuron

Question 39

Absolute refractory period

Answer 39

after firing, no chance of refire until regrouped or at a proper voltage

Question 40

Relative refractory period

Answer 40

earliest moment after firing when a neuron may fire again though not entirly regrouped or back to resting state

Question 41

Brain stem

Answer 41

controls basic funcitoning such as breathing and heart rate

Question 42

Reticular activating system

Answer 42

control some voluntary movement, eye movement and some types of learning, cognition, and emotion

Question 43

Cerebellum

Answer 43

controls coordinaiton of muscle movement, balance and some forms of procedural learning