Untitled Deck

Question 1

What is the focus of Social Psychology?

Answer 1

The situation faced by the individual

Social Psychology studies how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Question 2

Who proposed the Attribution theory?

Answer 2

Fritz Heider

Attribution theory explains behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

Question 3

Define Attribution theory.

Answer 3

We can explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Disposition refers to internal qualities of others, while situational attribution relates to external circumstances.

Question 4

What is Explanatory style?

Answer 4

How we explain bad events in our lives and the lives of others

This style can either be optimistic or pessimistic.

Question 5

What is the Fundamental Attribution error?

Answer 5

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of disposition

This error highlights biases in how we perceive others’ actions.

Question 6

What is Actor-Observer Bias?

Answer 6

The tendency to attribute our own actions to external factors and others’ actions to internal factors

This bias reflects a common concept used in daily life.

Question 7

Define Attitudes.

Answer 7

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a certain way to objects, people, and events

Attitudes affect our actions significantly.

Question 8

What are the two forms of persuasion?

Answer 8

• Peripheral route persuasion
• Central route persuasion

Peripheral route involves incidental cues, while central route focuses on arguments and favorable thoughts.

Question 9

What is a Self fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 9

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

This concept illustrates how expectations can shape outcomes.

Question 10

Define Superordinate goals.

Answer 10

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

These goals promote unity and collaboration.

Question 11

What is GRIT?

Answer 11

Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction

A strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

Question 12

What is Relative Deprivation?

Answer 12

Judging one’s own sense of deprivation relative to others

This concept highlights how comparisons affect feelings of deprivation.

Question 13

What is the foot in the door phenomenon?

Answer 13

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

This phenomenon illustrates how initial compliance can lead to greater compliance.

Question 14

What is prejudice?

Answer 14

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group of people and its members

Prejudice consists of beliefs, emotions, and predisposition to action.

Question 15

Define the Just world phenomenon.

Answer 15

The tendency for people to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve

This belief can justify social inequalities.

Question 16

What is ingroup bias?

Answer 16

The tendency to favor our own group

This bias affects perceptions and behaviors toward others.

Question 17

What is belief perseverance?

Answer 17

When a belief persists even if evidence suggests it is not accurate

This can lead to confirmation bias.

Question 18

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

Answer 18

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

This theory explains why actions can affect attitudes.

Question 19

What are social norms?

Answer 19

Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

Social norms guide behavior within cultures.

Question 20

Define conformity.

Answer 20

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Conformity reflects obedience to authority and group behavior.

Question 21

What is normative social influence?

Answer 21

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

This type of influence affects how we behave in social settings.

Question 22

What is social loafing?

Answer 22

The tendency for people to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal

This occurs when individuals are not held individually accountable.

Question 23

What is group polarization?

Answer 23

The strengthening of beliefs and attitudes when in groups with like-minded people

This phenomenon can lead to extreme positions.

Question 24

Define groupthink.

Answer 24

A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Groupthink can lead to poor decision-making.

Question 25

What do psychodynamic theories focus on?

Answer 25

The unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences ## Footnote These theories are extensions of Freudian psychoanalysis.

Question 26

What are Ego defense mechanisms?

Answer 26

* Denial * Projection * Rationalization * Regression * Repression * Sublimation ## Footnote These mechanisms help individuals cope with stress and anxiety.

Question 27

Define collective unconscious.

Answer 27

A shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history ## Footnote This concept was proposed by Carl Jung.

Question 28

What are archetypes?

Answer 28

Universal patterns and images of our collective unconscious ## Footnote Archetypes are key aspects of Jung's theory.

Question 29

What do humanistic theories focus on?

Answer 29

The potential for healthy personal growth ## Footnote Psychologists like Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers contributed to these theories.

Question 30

What is the social cognitive perspective?

Answer 30

Views behaviors as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context ## Footnote This perspective was proposed by Albert Bandura.

Question 31

Define reciprocal determinism.

Answer 31

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment ## Footnote This concept emphasizes the mutual influence among these factors.

Question 32

What is self-esteem?

Answer 32

One's feelings of high or low self-worth ## Footnote Self-esteem can affect motivation and behavior.

Question 33

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 33

One's sense of competence and effectiveness ## Footnote Self-efficacy influences how we approach tasks and challenges.

Question 34

Define narcissism.

Answer 34

Self-love and self-absorption ## Footnote Narcissism can impact interpersonal relationships.

Question 35

What is motivation?

Answer 35

Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior ## Footnote Motivation arises from the interplay between nature and nurture.

Question 36

What is homeostasis?

Answer 36

An internal state of balance; regulation of body chemistry ## Footnote Homeostasis is a biological principle related to motivational theories.

Question 37

Define drive reduction theory.

Answer 37

The concept that a psychological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need ## Footnote This theory explains the motivation behind fulfilling basic needs.

Question 38

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

Answer 38

Performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases ## Footnote This law illustrates the relationship between arousal and performance.

Question 39

What is the set point?

Answer 39

Like a weight thermostat, when a body falls below this, there is an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate ## Footnote This concept relates to weight regulation.

Question 40

Define emotion.

Answer 40

A mix of bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience and feelings ## Footnote Emotions are adaptive responses that increase chances of survival.

Question 41

What is the James-Lange Theory?

Answer 41

Arousal comes before emotion ## Footnote This theory posits that awareness of physiological responses leads to emotional experience.

Question 42

Define the Cannon-Bard theory.

Answer 42

Bodily responses and experienced emotions occur separately but simultaneously ## Footnote This theory suggests that emotions and physiological reactions happen at the same time.

Question 43

What is the two-factor theory of emotion?

Answer 43

An emotional experience requires physical arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal ## Footnote This theory highlights the role of interpretation in emotional experiences.

Question 44

What is the spillover effect?

Answer 44

Arousal may spill over from one event to another ## Footnote This concept illustrates how emotions can be influenced by preceding emotional states.

Question 45

What is the amygdala's role in emotions?

Answer 45

It sends emotional signals but receives fewer responses back from the cortex ## Footnote This can lead to feelings hijacking thoughts.

Question 46

Define appraisal in the context of emotions.

Answer 46

A mental function that helps us understand what we are reacting to ## Footnote Appraisal can occur consciously or unconsciously.

Question 47

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in emotions?

Answer 47

It is activated immediately, mobilizing the body for action ## Footnote The sympathetic division releases hormones in response to emotional stimuli.

Question 48

What are non-verbal cues?

Answer 48

Signals that convey emotions without words ## Footnote Non-verbal cues are often easier to detect than verbal expressions of emotions.