Unit 1

Question 1

Individual

Answer 1

one organism

Question 2

population

Answer 2

group of individuals of the same species

Question 3

community

Answer 3

all living organisms in an area

Question 4

ecosystem

Answer 4

all living/nonliving things in an area (plants, animals, rocks, soil, water and air)

Question 5

biome

Answer 5

large area with similar climate, avg yearly temperature and precipitation that determine plant and animal species there (tropical rainforest, tundra, coral reef, temperate grasslands)

Question 6

competition

Answer 6

organisms fight over a resource like food or shelter; limits population size because few resources are available

Question 7

predation

Answer 7

one organism uses another as an energy source (hunters parasites, herbivores)

Question 8

mutualism

Answer 8

a relationship that benefits both organisms

Question 9

commensalism

Answer 9

(+/0) relationship that benefits one organism but doesn’t impact the other (birds nests in trees)

Question 10

parasite/parasitism

Answer 10

(+/-) uses a host organism for energy (doesn’t kill the host, but sometimes lives inside the host) Ex: mosquito, tapeworm

Question 11

parasitoid

Answer 11

Lays eggs inside a host organism; eggs hatch and the larvae eat host for energy.

Question 12

symbiosis

Answer 12

any close and long-term interaction between two organisms of DIFFERENT species

Question 13

mutualism

Answer 13

(+/+) both benefit

Question 14

resource partitioning

Answer 14

different species using the same resource in different ways to reduce competition

Question 15

temporal partitioning

Answer 15

using resources at different times (wolves and coyotes hunt at different times)

Question 16

spatial partitioning

Answer 16

using different areas of a shared habitat

Question 17

morphological partitioning

Answer 17

using different resources based on different evolved body features

Question 18

salinity

Answer 18

how much salt is in a body of water

Question 19

depth

Answer 19

influences how much sunlight can penetrate and reach plants below the surface for photosynthesis

Question 20

flow

Answer 20

determines which plants and organisms can survive, how much O2 can dissolve into water

Question 21

temperature

Answer 21

warm water holds less dissolved O2, so it can support fewer aquatic organisms

Question 22

river

Answer 22

has high O2 due to flow mixing air and water and also cary nutrient-rich sediments

Question 23

lake

Answer 23

standing bodies of H2O

Question 24

littoral zone

Answer 24

shallow water with emergent plants

Question 25

limnetic zone

Answer 25

where light can reach, no rooted plants, only phytoplankton

Question 26

profundal zone

Answer 26

too deep for sunlight (no photosynthesis)

Question 27

benthic zone

Answer 27

murky bottom where inverts (bugs) live with nutrient-rich sediments

Question 28

wetland

Answer 28

area with soil submerged/saturated in water for at least part of the year, but shallow enough for emergent plants

Question 29

coral reef

Answer 29

warm shallow waters beyond the shoreline; most diverse marine biome

Question 30

carbon cycle

Answer 30

1) photosynthesis - producers convert CO2 to sugar 2) respiration - sugars are converted back into CO2 3) burial - some carbon can be buried 4)exchange - extraction of fossil fuels brings carbon back to Earth's surface, and it can be combusted 5) CO2 in the atmosphere and CO2 dissolved in water are constantly exchanged 6) combustion - combustion converts fossil fuels and plant material into CO2.

Question 31

photosynthesis

Answer 31

- plants, algae, and phytoplankton - removes CO2 from the atmosphere and converts it to glucose

Question 32

direct exchange

Answer 32

CO2 moves directly between the atmosphere and the ocean by dissolving into and out of ocean water at the surface (balances levels of CO2 between the atmosphere and ocean but increases CO2 in the atmosphere and leads to ocean acidification)

Question 33

cellular respiration

Answer 33

- done by plants and animals to release stored energy - uses O2 to break down glucose and release energy - releases CO2 into the atmosphere

Question 34

sedimentation

Answer 34

when marine organisms die, their bodies sink to the ocean floor, where they're broken down into sediments that contain Carbon

Question 35

burial

Answer 35

water pressure compresses Carbon-containing sediments on the ocean floor into sedimentary stone (limestone/sandstone) and becomes a long-term carbon reservoir

Question 36

fossil fuels

Answer 36

coal, oil and natural gas are formed from fossilized remains of organic matter

Question 37

nitrogen cycle

Answer 37

Movement of Nitrogen containing molecules between sources and sinks and reservoirs

Question 38

nitrogen fixation

Answer 38

process of N2 gas being converted into biologically available (usable by plants) NH3 (ammonia) or NO3 (nitrate)

Question 39

bacterial fixation

Answer 39

certain bacteria that live in the soil, or in symbiotic relationship with plant root nodules convert N2 into NH3 (ammonia)

Question 40

synthetic fixation

Answer 40

Humans combust FFs to convert N2 gas into nitrate (NO3)

Question 41

assimilation

Answer 41

plants and animals taking N in and incorporating it into their body

Question 42

ammonification

Answer 42

soil bacteria, microbes, and decomposers converting waste and dead biomass back into NH3 and returning it to soil

Question 43

nitrification

Answer 43

conversion of NH4 into nitrite (NO2) and then nitrate (NO3) by soil bacteria

Question 44

denitrification

Answer 44

conversion of soil N (NO3) into nitrous oxide (N2O) gas which returns to the atmosphere

Question 45

ammonia volatilization

Answer 45

excess fertilizer use can lead to NH2 gas entering the atmosphere

Question 46

leaching

Answer 46

water percolates through the soil and dissolves and carries away substances from the soil's surface into deeper layers or groundwater

Question 47

eutrophication

Answer 47

synthetic fertilizer gets into a body of water and leads to an overgrowth of algae and other aquatic plants (too much nitrogen and phosphorus)

Question 48

phosphorus cycle

Answer 48

movement of phosphorus atoms/molecules between sources and sinks/reservoirs

Question 49

water cycle

Answer 49

movement of H2O between sources and sinks

Question 50

primary productivity

Answer 50

rate that solar energy is converted into organic compounds via photosynthesis over a unit of time

Question 51

respiration loss (RL)

Answer 51

plants use up some of the energy they generate via photosynthesis by doing cellular respiration

Question 52

gross primary productivity (GPP)

Answer 52

the TOTAL amount of sun energy (light) that plants capture and convert to energy (glucose) through photosynthesis (the total paycheck amt the plant earns)

Question 53

ecological efficiency

Answer 53

the portion of incoming solar energy that is captured by plants and converted into biomass (NPP or food available for consumers)

Question 54

thermodynamics

Answer 54

1 - energy is never created nor destroyed 2 - each time energy is transferred, some is lost as heat

Question 55

producers

Answer 55

plants - convert the sun's light energy into chemical energy (glucose)

Question 56

primary consumers

Answer 56

herbivores

Question 57

secondary consumers

Answer 57

omnivores/carnivores

Question 58

tertiary consumers

Answer 58

top/apex predators