Unit 3

Question 1

specialists

Answer 1

smaller range of tolerance, or narrower ecological niche makes them more prone to extinction
(specific food requirements, less ability to adapt to new conditions)

Question 2

generalists

Answer 2

larger range of tolerance, broader niche makes them less prone to extinction and more likely to be invasive (broad food requirements, high adaptability)

Question 3

k- selected species

Answer 3

(quality) few offspring, heavy parental care to protect them, usually reproduce many times, long lifespan, long time to sexual maturity, more likely to be disrupted by environmental change or invasives

Question 4

type I

Answer 4

(mostly K-selected) high survivorship early in life and in the middle but rapid decrease late in life

Question 4

r - selected

Answer 4

(quantity) many offspring, little to no care, may reproduce only once; shorter lifespan, quick to sexual maturity, more likely to be invasive

Question 5

survivorship curve

Answer 5

line that show the survival rate of a cohort (group of the same-aged individuals) in a population from birth to death

Question 6

type III

Answer 6

(mostly r-selected) rapid decline early in life, few make it to midlife, and slow decline in survivorship in old age

Question 6

type II

Answer 6

(in between r and K) steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life

Question 7

carrying capacity (k)

Answer 7

the maximum number of individuals in a population that an ecosystem can support (based on limiting resources)

Question 8

overshoot

Answer 8

when a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity

Question 9

consequence of overshoot

Answer 9

resource depletion

Question 10

die-off

Answer 10

sharp decrease in population size when resource depletion (overshoot) leads to many individuals dying

Question 11

sex ratio

Answer 11

ratio of males to females

Question 12

density-dependent factors

Answer 12

factors that influence population growth based on size (ex: food, competition for habitat, water, light and disease)

Question 13

density-independent factors

Answer 13

factors that influence population growth REGARDLESS of their size (ex: flood, hurricane, tornado, fire)

Question 14

biotic potential

Answer 14

exponential growth without limits

Question 15

logistic growth

Answer 15

initial rapid growth, then limiting factors limit the population to carrying capacity

Question 16

expanding rapidly population

Answer 16

extreme pyramid shape

Question 17

expanding slowly popultion

Answer 17

less extreme pyramid

Question 18

stable population

Answer 18

house shape

Question 19

declining population

Answer 19

narrowest at the base

Question 20

total fertility rate (TFR)

Answer 20

average number of children a woman in a population will bear throughout her lifetime

Question 21

replacement level fertility

Answer 21

the TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep population size stable

Question 22

infant mortality rate (IMR)

Answer 22

number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1000 people in a population
(factors: access to clean water, access to healthcare, more reliable food supply)

Question 23

development (affluence)

Answer 23

more developed, or wealthy nations have a lower TFR than less developed nations (bc more access to education for women and contraceptives and later age to first pregnancy)

Question 24

government policy

Answer 24

can play a huge role in fertility by coercive and non-coercive policies (forced sterilization, China's one child policy, tax incentives to have fewer children, microcredits for women to have less children)

Question 25

malthusian theory

Answer 25

humans will reach a carrying capacity limited by food

Question 26

technological advancement

Answer 26

humans can alter earth's carrying capacity limited by food

Question 27

calculating growth rate (r):

Answer 27

[CBR - CDR] / 10

Question 28

rule of 70

Answer 28

the time it takes (in years) for a population to double is equal to 70 divided by the growth rate: Doubling time = 70 / % of Growth rate

Question 29

standard of living

Answer 29

what the quality of life is like for people of a country based on GDP

Question 30

gross domestic product (GDP)

Answer 30

total value of the goods and services produced

Question 31

life expectancy

Answer 31

average age a person will live to in a given country

Question 32

industrialization

Answer 32

the process of economic and social transition from an agrarian economy to an industrial one (farming to manufacturing)

Question 33

pre-industrialized

Answer 33

(less developed) - very poor and has a high death rate and high IMR and high TFR for replacement children and agricultural labor

Question 34

industrializing/developing

Answer 34

part way through this transition, decreased death rate and IMR, rising GDP

Question 35

industrialized/developed

Answer 35

completed the transition from agrarian to industrial and has a very low DR and IMR and a very high GDP and a low TFR