Unit 1,2 & 3

Question 1

What are the three romanís of human of human development?

Answer 1

Biosocial, cognitive & psychosocial

Question 2

What is the difference between nature and nurture?

Answer 2

Nature = genetics
Nurture = environment

Question 3

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

Answer 3

1. Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 years
2. Pre operational stage: 2 to 7 years
3. Concrete operational stage: 7 to 11 years
4. Formal operational stage: 12 years and older

Question 4

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 4

Learning through rewards and punishment (skinner).

Question 5

What is Bandura’s social learning theory

Answer 5

Learning by watching others (modeling).

Question 6

What are the three prenatal stages?

Answer 6

Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal

Question 7

What is the difference between growth and maturation?

Answer 7

Growth= psychical increase in size
Maturation= biological unfolding of traits.

Question 8

What is the difference between continuous and discontinous

Answer 8

Continuous= Gradual and cumulative
Discontinuous= Stage-based, sudden changes

Question 9

What are the critical periods in development?

Answer 9

Specific time when a skill must develop, or it may never develop properly ( language acquisition Im early childhood).

Question 10

What is the nature vs nurture debate?

Answer 10

Nature = Genetics influence traits
Nurture = Environment shapes behaviour.

Question 11

What are Freud’s three personality structures?

Answer 11

ID (instincts) , Ego (reality), superego (morality).

Question 12

What happen if a child becomes “fixated” at a psychosexual stage?

Answer 12

They may develop personality traits linked to that stage ( oral fixation = excessive eating, smoking).

Question 13

What is Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 13

Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year). If needs are met infants develop trust.

Question 14

In wich Eriksons stage does a person explore personal identity?

Answer 14

Identity vs role confusion (12-18 years)

Question 15

What is the conflict in Erikson generative vs Stagnation stage (40-65 Years)?

Answer 15

Giving back to society vs feeling purposeless.

Question 16

Who proposed classical conditioning?

Answer 16

Ivan Pavlov

Question 17

In classical conditioning what is the unconditional stimulus (UCS)?

Answer 17

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response ( food in Pavlov’s experience ).

Question 18

What is the conditioned response (CR)?

Answer 18

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. ( salivating to a bell).

Question 19

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Answer 19

Behaviour is shaped by rewards and punishment (Skinner).

Question 20

What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

Answer 20

Positive reinforcement= adding a pleasant stimulus ( giving candy for good behaviour).
Negative reinforcement= removing an unpleasant stimulus (taking aspirin for headache relief).

Question 21

What is positive punishment?

Answer 21

Adding something unpleasant to reduce behaviour ( speeding ticket).

Question 22

What is negative punishment m’n

Answer 22

Taking something pleasant away to reduce behaviour ( losing phone privileges).

Question 23

What is observational learning?

Answer 23

Learning by watch others (Bandura’s bobo doll experiment).

Question 24

What are the four steps in Bandura’s social learning processes ?

Answer 24

Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation,

Question 25

What happens in the sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)?

Answer 25

Children learn through senses and actions, develop object performance.

Question 26

What is egocentrism in Piagets pre operational stage (2-7 years)?

Answer 26

Children struggle to see things from another person’s perspective.

Question 27

What is conservation in Piagets concrete operational stage (7-11 years)?

Answer 27

Understanding that objects maintain their properties even when their shape changes ( same amount of water in different glasses).

Question 28

What is the zone of proximal development (ZDP) in Vygotskys theory?

Answer 28

The difference between what a learner can do alone vs. with a guidance.

Question 29

What are the five levels of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model?

Answer 29

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem and Chronosystem

Question 30

What is Microsystem?

Answer 30

Immediate environment (family, school, peers).

Question 31

What is exosystem?

Answer 31

Indirect influences ( parents, workplace ).

Question 32

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

Answer 32

Germinal, embryonic and fetal.

Question 33

What happens in the germinal stage (0-2 weeks)?

Answer 33

Cell division, implantation uterus.

Question 34

What is organogenesis, and when does it occur?

Answer 34

Formation of organs, occurs during the embryonic stage (3-8 weeks).

Question 35

At what stage can the fetus survive outside the womb?

Answer 35

Around 22-24 weeks (age of viability).

Question 36

What are teratogens?

Answer 36

External substances that harm fetal development. (Alcohol, nicotine, drugs).

Question 37

What birth defect can alcohol cause?

Answer 37

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), brain damage, growth delays.

Question 38

How does nicotine affect prenatal development?

Answer 38

Low birth weight, premature birth, respiratory issues.

Question 39

What infections can harm prenatal development?

Answer 39

Rubella, syphillis, HIV, herpes.

Question 40

What is amniocentesis used for?

Answer 40

Detecting genetic disorders via a sample of amniotic fluid.

Question 41

What is an unltrasound used for in prenatal care?

Answer 41

Monitoring fetal growth, detecting abnormalities.

Question 42

What happens during the germinal stage?

Answer 42

Fertilization occurs, and the zygote implants in the uterine wall (first two weeks).

Question 43

What is the key feature of the embryonic stage?

Answer 43

Rapid cell development and formation of vital organs (weeks 2 to 8).

Question 44

When does the fetal stage begin?

Answer 44

From week 9 until birth.

Question 45

How does smoking affect fetal development?

Answer 45

It can cause low birth weight, premature birth, and respiratory problems.

Question 46

What are the characteristics of FAS?

Answer 46

Growth delays, facial abnormalities, and cognitive problems.

Question 47

What is the function of the placenta?

Answer 47

It provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removes waste.

Question 48

Name a reflex that newborns are born with.

Answer 48

The grasp reflex (baby instinctively grabs a finger).

Question 49

What is a critical period in prenatal development?

Answer 49

A time when specific structures or functions develop and are vulnerable to damage.

Question 50

What is a zygote?

Answer 50

A fertilized egg cell that forms when sperm and egg combine.

Question 51

What is a blastocyst?

Answer 51

A hollow ball of cells that implants in the uterus about 5–6 days after fertilization.

Question 52

What is the difference between an embryo and a fetus?

Answer 52

An embryo is the developing baby from week 2 to week 8; a fetus is from week 9 until birth.

Question 53

hat is the function of the amniotic sac?

Answer 53

It protects the developing baby by providing cushioning and maintaining temperature.

Question 54

What does the umbilical cord do?

Answer 54

t connects the fetus to the placenta and carries nutrients and oxygen.

Question 55

Why is neural tube development important?

Answer 55

It forms the brain and spinal cord; defects can cause spina bifida.

Question 56

How does high maternal stress affect the baby?

Answer 56

It can increase the risk of premature birth and low birth weight.

Question 57

What is the APGAR score?

Answer 57

A test done after birth to assess a baby’s health based on Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.

Question 58

What is lanugo?

Answer 58

Soft, fine hair covering the fetus, usually shed before birth.

Question 59

What is vernix caseosa?

Answer 59

A white, waxy coating that protects the baby's skin in the womb.

Question 60

What is quickening?

Answer 60

The first fetal movements felt by the mother, usually around week 16–20.

Question 61

At what week can a fetus survive outside the womb with medical help?

Answer 61

Around week 23–24.

Question 62

When is a pregnancy considered full-term?

Answer 62

39-40 weeks

Question 63

When can a fetal heartbeat first be detected?

Answer 63

Around week 6–7 using ultrasound.

Question 64

During which stage is the fetus most vulnerable to birth defects?

Answer 64

The embryonic stage (weeks 2–8).

Question 65

How can caffeine affect pregnancy?

Answer 65

High intake may increase the risk of miscarriage and low birth weight.