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Health and Human Development Unit 1/2 > Unit 1&2 exam revision > Flashcards

Unit 1&2 exam revision Flashcards

1
Q

Emotional health and wellbeing

A

Relates to the ability to recognise, understand, effectively manage and express emotions as well as the ability to display resilience

Aspects:
- recognise range of emotions
- experience appropriate emotions in a scenario
- respond to, express and manage emotions
- ability to display resilience

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2
Q

Mental health and wellbeing

A

Relates to the current state of wellbeing relating to a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process information. A mentally healthy brain enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic.

Aspects:
- levels of stress and anxiety
- self esteem
- levels of confidence
- thought patterns

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3
Q

Social health and wellbeing

A

Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.

Aspects:
- communication with others
- supporting and well-functioning family
- productive relationships with others
- supportive network of friends

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4
Q

Physical health and wellbeing

A

Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems, it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

Aspects:
- body weight
- illness, disease and injury
- energy levels
- ability to complete physical tasks adequately
- fitness levels
- immune system
- body systems and organs

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5
Q

Spiritual health and wellbeing

A

Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the mind and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world.

Aspects:
- sense of belonging
- meaning and purpose in life
- peace and harmony
- acting according to values and beliefs

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6
Q

Sociocultural factors

A

The social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These factors can raise or lower health status

  • family
  • peer group
  • employment
  • education
  • housing
  • income
  • access to health information
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7
Q

Political factors

A

the decisions and actions taken by government and non-government agencies on issues, including those relating to healthcare, health policies and health funding

  • food policies/laws
  • health promotion
  • food labelling
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8
Q

Health and wellbeing

A

The state of a person’s physical, social,
emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

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9
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a measure of a person’s social and economic position based on income, education and occupation.

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10
Q

Health status

A

An individual’s or population’s overall health and wellbeing taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.

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11
Q

Health indicators

A

Standard statistics that are used to measure and compare health status

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12
Q

Self-assessed health status

A

A measure based on a person’s own opinion about how they feel about their health and wellbeing, their state of mind and their life in general

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13
Q

Life expectancy

A

The number of years on average remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change.

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14
Q

Mortality

A

The number of deaths in a population in a given time period

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15
Q

Morbidity

A

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group. This is often expressed. through incidence and prevalence

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16
Q

Incidence

A

The number or rate of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period of time.

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17
Q

Prevalence

A

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

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18
Q

Burden of disease

A

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability.

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19
Q

DALY

A
  • disability-adjusted life year.
  • a measure of the burden of disease
  • one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death.
  • calculated - YLL + YLD
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20
Q

YLL - years of life lost

A

A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death.

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21
Q

YLD - years of life lost due to disability

A

A measure of how many healthy years are lost due to illness, injury or disability.

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22
Q

Hospital separations

A

Hospital separations are episodes of hospital care that start with admission and ends at transfer, discharge, or death.

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23
Q

Core activity limitation

A

Core activity limitation is when an individual has difficulty or requires assistance with any of the three core activities.
- Self-care
- Mobility
- Communication in own language

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24
Q

Psychological distress

A

Psychological distress relates to unpleasant feelings and emotions that affect an individual’s level of functioning.

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25
Q

Describing the AGHE

A
  • the bottom left hand section has fats and oils and states: ‘used in small amounts’
  • outside the pie chart there is a glass of water and a tap to encourage the consumption of water
  • grains and vegetables take up the 2 highest percentages of the chart
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26
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the AGHE

A

Advantages:
- includes water
- fruit and vegetables are separate
- is visual and includes pictures so that it can be easily understood

Disadvantages:
- doesn’t give serving sizes
- may be difficult to categorise mixed foods

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27
Q

Describing the HEP

A
  • includes herbs and spices to the side to substitute sugar and salt
  • the top layer has an oil bottle and olive branch with the words ‘healthy fats’
  • outside the pyramid is a glass of water with a tick and the words ‘choose water’
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28
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the HEP

A

Advantages:
- promotes herbs and spices to use for flavour
- suitable for all to read including children and people with limited food knowledge
- refers to salt and sugar with pictures and a cross to advise not to use in excess

Disadvantages:
- no serving sizes
- doesn’t include sometimes foods
- doesn’t categorise foods that may belong to different groups

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29
Q

Nutrients

A

substances that provide nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth

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30
Q

Kilojoules (kJ)

A

a unit for measuring energy intake or expenditure

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31
Q

Macronutrients and Micronutrients

A

Macronutrients:
nutrients we need large amounts of in out diet (carbs, fats, protein)

Micronutrients:
needed in very small amounts (vitamins, minerals)

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32
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Function:
- provide fuel for body
- required for metabolism & growth

Food Source - vegetables, rice, cereals

Nutritional imbalance:
- stored as adipose tissue - weight gain
- ^ can develop sleep apnoea

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33
Q

Fibre

A

Function:
- absorbs water, bulky faeces, no constipation
- reduces cholesterol

Food source - grains, seeds, wholemeal bread

Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - risk of uncontrolled cell growth, tumours, colorectal cancer

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34
Q

Iron

A

Function:
- forms the ‘haem’ in haemoglobin
- ^ carries oxygen through the blood

Food source - tofu, chicken, eggs

Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - anaemia

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35
Q

Sodium

A

Function:
- regulation of fluids in body (water, blood)
- fluid drawn to sodium - balances fluid in cells vs out of cells

Food sources - table salt, olives, fish

Nutritional imbalance:
- overconsumption - hypertension -> CVD

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36
Q

Calcium

A

Function:
- required for building bone density
- required for building hard tissue (teeth, cartilage)

Food source - dairy products

Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - osteoporosis

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37
Q

Water

A

Function:
- needed for all chemical reactions to provide energy
- key component of many cells, tissues, blood and systems

Food sources - watermelon, apple, cucumber

Nutritional imbalance:
- dehydration - impacts all body systems

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38
Q

Saturated and Trans fats

A

Function:
- fuel for energy

Food source - red meat, full-cream milk, margarine

Nutritional imbalance:
- overconsumption - increased cholesterol, hypertension -> CVD

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39
Q

Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated fats

A

Function:
- reduces cholesterol levels
required for development and maintenance of cell membranes

Food source - nuts, olive oil, fish

Nutritional imbalance:
- overconsumption - CDV

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40
Q

Protein

A

Function:
- builds, maintains and repairs body cells
- fuel for energy

Food sources - eggs, chicken, fish

Nutritional imbalance:
- overconsumption - stored as adipose tissue, weight gain, sleep apnoea

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41
Q

B - group vitamins (B1, B2, B3)

A

Function:
- metabolism
- converting fuels to energy

Food source - vegemite, eggs, fish

Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - lack of energy, slowed muscle and bone growth

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42
Q

Folate (vitamin B9)

A

Functions:
- role in DNS synthesis - required for cells to duplicate
- role in development of red blood cells

Food source - spinach, oranges, eggs

Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - anaemia

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43
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Function:
- formation of red blood cells
- ensures blood cells are correct size and shape for oxygen

Food source - meat, eggs, cheese

Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - anaemia

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44
Q

Vitamin D

A

Function:
- absorbs calcium from intestine into bloodstream
- cell growth and development

Food source - fish, cheese, egg yolk

Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - low calcium absorbed - weak bones

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45
Q

Anxiety

A

uneasy emotions that may be brought on by an actual or perceived threat to the safety and wellbeing of the individual

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46
Q

Depression

A

extreme feeling of hopelessness, sadness, isolation, worry, withdrawal, and worthlessness that lasts for a prolonged period and interfere with normal activities

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47
Q

Direct costs of mental illness

A

costs associated with preventing the disease or condition and providing health and wellbeing services to people suffering from it. Direct costs include all those associated with developing and implementing health promotion strategies, diagnosis, management and treatment.

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48
Q

Indirect costs

A

costs not directly related to the diagnosis or treatment of the disease, but that occur as a result of the person having the disease

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49
Q

Intangible costs

A

costs which it’s difficult to place a monetary value. they often involve emotions or feeling for both the individual and community

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50
Q

Stages of the lifestpan - Prenatal

A

starts at conception, ends at birth
- sperm meets egg
- takes 38 weeks
- development of organs

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51
Q

Stages of lifespan - infancy

A

starts at birth, ends at 2yrs old
- develop motor skills
- learn to walk
- develop language

52
Q

Stages of the lifespan - Childhood

A

starts at 2yrs old, ends at puberty (12yrs)
- social skills develop
- refining reading and writing skills
- develop long-term memory

53
Q

Stages of the lifespan - youth

A

starts at puberty (12yrs), ends at 18yrs old
- rapid growth (adolescent growth spurt)
- sexual maturity
– increased independence

54
Q

Stages of the lifespan - Early adulthood

A

starts at 18yrs old, ends at 40 yrs old
- physical peak c. 25-30
- career, marriage, kids become focus
- ^PIES change

55
Q

Stages of the lifespan - middle adulthood

A

starts 40yrs old, ends 65 yrs old
- empty-nest syndrome (kids leave)
- development of identity

56
Q

stages of the lifespan - late adulthood

A

starts 69yrs old, ends at death
- changes in lifestyle - financial security, retirement
- grief - friends dying
- reflection of life achievements

57
Q

PIES

A

P - physical development
I - intellectual development
E - emotional development
S - Social development

58
Q

Physical development

A

changes to the body and its systems. these can be changes in size, complexity and motor skills
- size - growth of bones, muscles, height
- complexity - changes to functioning of sex organs, bones hardening
- gross motor skills - large muscles (walking, running)
- fine motor skill - small muscles (writing, tie shoe laces)

59
Q

Intellectual development

A

the increase in complexity of processes in the brain such as thoughts, knowledge and memory
- knowledge & memory
- language
- memory
- creativity & imagination
- thought patterns & problem solving
- attention span

60
Q

Emotional development

A

relates to experiencing a full range of emotions and increasing comlexity relating to expression of emotions, the development of self-concept and resilience
- experiencing a full range of emotions
- expression and communication of emotions
- building resilience
- developing self-concept

61
Q

Social development

A

the increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people
- behaviours
- social roles and expectations
- communication skills
- relationship skills

62
Q

perceptions

A

beliefs or opinions based on how things seem

63
Q

Generation gap

A

the difference in attitudes and opinions experienced by people of different generations

64
Q

factors that influence perception

A
  • past experiences with people in the stage
  • values and beliefs
  • media
  • public figures
  • own experiences of being in stage
  • other people’s opinions
65
Q

Perceptions of youth

A
  • positive, ambitious, harworking
  • narcissistic, lazy, lack maturity
66
Q

Perceptions of adulthood

A
  • early adulthood - similar to youth, irresponsible
  • middle adulthood - judgemental, lack of understanding, out of touch
  • late adulthood - wise, experiences, backwards thinking
67
Q

Types of relationships

A
  • family
  • professional
  • friendships
  • teachers, coaches, metors
  • online
  • intimate
68
Q

Characteristics of a healthy relationship

A
  • respect
  • trust
  • honesty
  • loyalty
  • empathy
  • safety
  • equality
69
Q

Types of abuse in unhealthy relationships

A
  • physical - hitting, kicking, punching, biting
  • sexual - unwanted touching & sexual activity
  • emotional - repeated insults, put-downs, social isolation
70
Q

Authoritarian

A

a style of parenting that employs strict rules and punishment if rules are broken

71
Q

Authoritative

A

a style of parenting that uses positive reinforcement of good behaviours and flexibility in interpretation or rules

72
Q

Permissive

A

a style of parenting that is low in discipline and whereby parents see themselves more as friends than parents

73
Q

Uninvolved

A

a parenting syle whereby parents show little interest in the their children’s lives

74
Q

Considerations when becoming a parent

A
  • can a child’s needs be met?
  • can an environment that will promote optimal development be provided?
  • are the changes that parenting will bring acceptable?
75
Q

Can a child’s needs be met

A
  • Physical - food, safety, housing
  • Social - socialisation
  • Emotional - positive parenting
  • Intellectual - communication
76
Q

Can an environment that will promote optimal development be provided?

A
  • provide opportunities for new experiences
  • postivie parent-child relationship
  • parents teach skills & behaviours
77
Q

Are the changes that parenting will bring acceptable?

A
  • change in diet for healthy pregnancy and healthy child
  • make time for child
  • financial priorities change
78
Q

Social support for parents

A

Practical support: money, babysitters, meal prep, info, transport, help with chores

helps cope with stress, be more resilient
Babysitting - parent able to work, financial recources

79
Q

Emotional support for parents

A

egs: sharing of experiences, encouragement, reassurance, sharing ideas & advice in non-judgemental way

able to provide for child, less stressed, make good decisions, model appropriate behaviour
Advice - see things more +vely - self esteem, resilience

80
Q

Federal recourses

A

Medicare:
- provides free/subsided treatment through the public healthcare system

  • good for earlu detection of issues
  • free assistance with birthing procedure
  • increases accessiblity to access antenatal care
81
Q

State recourses

A

The Maternal and Child Health Service:
- free for Victorian children birth-school age
- maternity and child health centres
- do home visits for new parents

  • help parenting, growth, development, promotion of h&w and safety, social support
82
Q

Local recourses

A

Create strategies and programs for h&w of children (recreational facilities, immunisation programs, daycare)
- where can grow, be active, connected & healthy

  • promotes lifelong healtyh
  • supports h&w of families, friends & neighbours
83
Q

Germinal stage

A

0-2 weeks, starts at fertilisation, ends at implantation

  • sperm and ovum join together to produce a zygote
  • after 4 days zygote develops into morula
  • cells in the morula keep duplicating & blastocyst is created, forming an inner & outer cell mass
  • outer cell mass becomes the placenta
  • when reaches the uterus, blastocyst implants onto endometrium - become known as embryo
  • inner cell mass becomes embryo
84
Q

Conception/fertilisation

A

the fusing of a sperm and an egg cell. Marks the beginning of pregnancy

85
Q

Zygote

A

the cell created when an ovum is fertilised by a sperm

86
Q

Morula

A

a solid ball of cells created from a zygote

87
Q

Blastocyst

A

thin-walled hollow structure consisting of a cluster of cells making up an outer cell mass that becomes the placenta, and an inner cell mass

88
Q

Placenta

A

an organ that allows the transfer of nutrients, gases and waste between mother and foetus

89
Q

Embryo

A

a cell mass from approximately the second to eighthe week after fertilisation

90
Q

Endometrium

A

the nutrient-rich lining of the uterine wall in which the ovum (blastocyst) embeds or that is expelled every month if pregnancy does not occur

91
Q

Implantation

A

when a cluster of cells that will become an embryo attatches itself to the endometrium

92
Q

Embryonic stage

A

3-8 weeks, starts at implantation and ends at 8th week

  • characterised by cell differentiation
  • most critical for development
  • internal organs & systems start to develop - organogenesis
  • ^ circulatory, stomach, kidney, lungs
  • brain & spinal cord complete by end
93
Q

Cell differentiation

A

when cells take on specialised roles (heart cells, skin cells, bone cells)

94
Q

Organogenesis

A

the formation of organs

95
Q

Teratogen

A

anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause effects in development (e.g. tobacco smoke, alcohol)
- especially influential during embryonic stage

96
Q

Foetal stage

A

9-38 weeks, starts at 9th week, ends at birth

  • starts at 2g, ends at 3500g
  • organs mature and function in early foetal stage
  • by 14w placenta is fully developed & functional
  • by 15w sex organs start taking shape
  • lungs filled with amniotic fluid, not air
  • 2nd half tooth buds form in gums
  • senses become more sensitive
97
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

the fluid surrounding the embryo/foetus that protects the unborn baby

98
Q

Folate in pregnancy

A
  • consumption beofre & during pregancy reduces risks of neural tube defects (CNS) - spina bifida most common
  • walking difficulties
  • reduces sensation in legs & feet
  • deformities of spine
  • urinary and faecall incontinence
99
Q

Alcohol in pregnancy

A

can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome

  • factial deformities
  • learning difficulties
  • risk of miscarriage
  • premature birth risk
  • undernourishment
  • heart defects
100
Q

Smoking in pregnancy

A

mixes with oxygen so baby doesn’t get enough O2 and exposes foetus to toxins

  • low birthweight
  • miscarriage
  • ectopic pregnancy
  • prematurity
  • complications of placenta
  • birth defects
  • respiratory conditions
101
Q

Antenatal care

A

medical care given to pregnant women before their babies are born
- identify risk factors
- provide medical intervention
- monitor h&w of mum and baby

  • ensure normal foetal dev
  • reduces rate of premature birth
  • decrease risk of birth defects
  • diagnose & treat complications early
  • provide counseling & reassurance
102
Q

Physical development in infancy

A

Growth:
- 2nd fastest growth period
- height, brain size, build muscle, body proportions

Changes to systems:
- brain - nerve transmission
- teeth grow in
- bones fuse together
- sleep routine

Motor skills:
- reflexes
- crawling - 6months
- stand, walk - 1yr
- kick/throw large ball - 2yrs

103
Q

Intellectual development in infancy

A

Knowledge & memory:
- uses senses to learn - mouth
- recognises name, respond when called
- word-object association improves
- every new experience - learning

Language:
- baby noises - 3months
- basic words - 1yr
- 150-300 words - 2yrs

Thought patterns & problem-solving:
- no object permanence - 6months
- new toy & activities help dev complex thought & problem solving

104
Q

Emotional development in infancy

A

Experience range:
- emotional attachment to caregiver - safety, loved, build trust
- stranger anxiety - strongest b/w 9-18months

Proactive way to express emotions:
- anger, happiness - 8 months
- ^ tantrums later
- sensitive to approval - 1yr

Self-concept:
- realise that separate person from caregivers - 9months
- can sense how other feel about them
- self-confidence grows

105
Q

Social development in infancy

A

Relationships:
- family
- dependent totally on family
- ^learn social skills

Communication:
- smile - 6w
- recognise expressions - 6months

Behaviours
- play
- separation anxiety - 8months
- mimic behaviours (waving)

106
Q

Medicare

A

Australia’s universal health insurance scheme, gives people access to healthcare that is subsided by the federal government

107
Q

What does medicare cover?

A
  • GP consultations
  • tests and examinations to treat illnesses
  • a limited no. of psych consultations, must be referred by GP & mental health plan
  • all in hospital expenses - PUBLIC only
  • 75% of schedule fee in private hospital
108
Q

Medicare safety net

A

ensures that everyone who require frequent services covered by medicare, receive additional financial support

109
Q

Patient co-payments

A

the payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government

110
Q

Out-of-hospital expenses

A

costs for services such as doctors, specialists, tests and x-rays

111
Q

In hospital expenses

A

costs for treatment and accomodation in a public hospital

112
Q

Schedule fee

A

the amount that Medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments. The government decides what each item is worth and that’s what medicare pays.

113
Q

Bulk billing

A

when the doctor or specialist charges only the schedule fee. The payment is claimed directly from Medicare so there are no out-of-pocket expenses

114
Q

What is not covered by Medicare?

A
  • private hospital costs (other than schedule fee)
  • most dental examinations/treatments (unless some 2-17yr olds)
  • ambulance services
  • home nursing care/treatment
115
Q

Private health insurance

A

a type of insurance for which members pay a premium in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by medicare

116
Q

Advantages of Medicare

A
  • reduced cost for essential medical services
  • choice of doctor for out-of-hospital
  • available to all aus citizens
  • covers tests & examinations, doctors’ & specialists’ fees & some procedures
  • medicare safety net
117
Q

Disadvantages of Medicare

A
  • no choice of doctor for in hospital
  • waiting lists for many treatments
  • doesn’t cover alternative therapies or allied health
  • often doesn’t cover full amount for doctors
118
Q

Medicare levy

A

2% tax for most Aus tax payers to fund medicare

119
Q

Medicare levy surcharge

A

an additional 1-1.5% tax on high incomme earners who don’t have private health insurance.
- increases as income increases.
- encourages people to take out private health insurance

120
Q

Pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)

A

the aim is to provide essential medicine to people who need them, regardless of their ability to pay. Federal gov subsidises essential medicines, consumers make a co-payment.

121
Q

PBS safety net

A

ensures that people who spend a large amount of money on PBS medications, receive additional financial support

122
Q

Premium

A

the amount paid for insurance (a fee)

123
Q

Advantages of private health insurance

A
  • access to private hospital care
  • choice of doctor in private/public hospital
  • shorter waiting times for some procedures
  • part/all services (dental, chiro, physio, optometry, dietetics) covered
  • high income earners don’t have to pay medicare levy surcharge
  • gov rebate
  • lifetime health cover
124
Q

Disadvantages of private health insurance

A
  • expensive premiums
  • can be gap costs for patient
  • qualifying periods for some conditions before can make claim
125
Q

private health insurance incentives

A
  • private health insurance rebate
  • lifetime health cover
  • medicare levy surcharge
  • age based discount
126
Q

Private health insurance rebate

A
  • up to 30% rebate on premiums
  • ^income tested

Health and Human Development Unit 1/2 (7 decks)

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