unit 1&2 review

Question 1

commensalism

Answer 1

relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Question 2

parasitism

Answer 2

relationship where one organism is harmed and the other benefits

Question 3

mutualism

Answer 3

both organisms benefit

Question 4

interspecific competition

Answer 4

Members of different species compete for same resource

Question 5

intraspecific competition

Answer 5

Members of the same species compete for resources

Question 6

resource partitioning

Answer 6

organisms evolving to use different resources, occupy different habitat or feeding at a different time to reduce direct competition.

Question 7

trophic levels

Answer 7

levels of a ecosystem

Question 8

10% rule

Answer 8

only 10% of energy consumed will move to the next trophic level. All other energy is converted to (mainly) heat.

Question 9

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 9

conservation of Energy - Energy cannot be created or destroyed. The universe has a set amount of energy.

Question 10

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 10

Disorder or Entropy. Every conversion of energy results in more entropy in the universe

Question 11

gross primary productivity (GPP)

Answer 11

Amount of energy to produce Carbon biomass (sugars) during photosynthesis by primary producers (producers)

Question 12

net primary productivity

Answer 12

GPP minus the Carbon biomass used in respiration. In other words, the plants photosynthesize and make sugars, but have to use some of them for respiration. NPP is what is left to be passed up the chain.

Question 13

biodiversity

Answer 13

a measure of richness (# of different species) and Evenness (# of individuals of each species) in a given area.

Question 14

genetic variation

Answer 14

variation of genes - usually compared in and between a species.

Question 15

species variation

Answer 15

variation within a population (1 species) AND between populations of both the same species and different species.

Question 16

ecosystem variation

Answer 16

variation in species, communities, habitats, and processes in a given ecosystem.

Question 17

bottleneck effect

Answer 17

a chance occurrence that reduces individuals drastically therefore reducing genetic variation.

Question 18

founder effect

Answer 18

a few individuals start a new population. The variation changes from the original population.

Question 19

genetic drift

Answer 19

often decrease genetic variation. 2 types
bottleneck and founder

Question 20

generalist species

Answer 20

Survive in a wide range of conditions and has a varied diet. They are often omnivores.

Question 21

specialist species

Answer 21

Survive in a narrow range of conditions and have a limited diet. Susceptible to habitat disruptions.

Question 22

invasive species

Answer 22

an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment

Question 23

keystone species

Answer 23

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.

Question 24

endemic species

Answer 24

are those that live in a limited area, such as a mountain range, lake or island, among others

Question 25

indicator species

Answer 25

an organism whose presence, absence or abundance reflects a specific environmental condition

Question 26

provisioning

Answer 26

goods produced or provided by ecosystems ex: food, fuel, water

Question 27

regulating

Answer 27

benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes ex: climate or disease regulation

Question 28

cultural

Answer 28

non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems ex: spiritual, recreational

Question 29

supporting

Answer 29

services necessary for production of other ecosystem services ex: soil formation, nutrient cycling

Question 30

zone of tolerance

Answer 30

the range of an environmental condition that is beneficial for the majority of a type of organism.

Question 31

ecological resistance

Answer 31

ability of an ecosystem to maintain normal functions and processes during a disturbance

Question 32

ecological resilience

Answer 32

ability of an ecosystem to recover after a disturbance. **High biodiversity can increase the ability to resist and recover

Question 33

primary succession

Answer 33

begins with bare rock. Ex: newly formed islands Ex: After glaciers melt

Question 34

secondary succession

Answer 34

happens after a disturbance such as fire or flood.