Unit 1

Question 0

Empirical Formula

Answer 0

Find masses
Look up give Ar values
Divide masses by Ar
Find ratio

Question 1

Avogadro’s Number

Answer 1

6.022 x 10^23

Question 2

% Element

Answer 2

ram x no of atoms / maximum mass of product x100

Question 3

Rate of Reaction

Answer 3

product formed / time taken

Question 4

Relative Mass and Charge

Answer 4

proton: 1 +1
neutron: 1 0
electron: 0 -1

Question 5

Moles of Solute in a Solution

Answer 5

moles= concentration x volume

mol dm-3 = mol/dm3

dm-3 = 1000cm3

concentration: mol dm-3
volume: cm3

Question 6

Moles in a Gas

Answer 6

moles= volume/24

Question 7

Shapes of Molecules

Answer 7

Electron pairs repel
Lone pairs repel more
bonding pairs
lone pairs
name
angle

Question 8

Oxidation

Answer 8

The loss of electrons

Question 9

Reduction

Answer 9

Gain of electrons

Question 10

Oxidation Number

Answer 10

If it was ion, the charge is the same as the oxidation number.

Question 11

Acids

Answer 11

Release H+ ions in aqueous solution
Proton donor 
HCl hydrochloric
H2SO4 sulfuric
HNO3 nitric

Question 12

Base

Answer 12

Neutralise acids
Proton acceptor
Soluble base that releases OH- ions in aqueous solution

Question 13

Salt

Answer 13

A salt is formed when the H+ ion of an acid is replaced by a metal ion or ammonium ion

Question 14

Neutralisation reaction

Answer 14

Acid + base –> salt + water

Acid + carbonate –> salt + water + CO2

Question 15

Water of Crystalisation

Answer 15

Water molecules that form an essential part of the crystalline structure of a compound

Question 16

Water of Crystallisation Moles

Answer 16

Calculate amount in moles of anhydrous
Then moles of water
Ratio to determine formula

Question 17

Sub Shells

Answer 17

S- 2 electrons
P- 6 electrons
D- 10 electrons
F- 14 electrons

Question 18

Orbitals

Answer 18

1- 1s
2- 2s, 2p
3- 3s, 3p, 3d
4- 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

Question 19

Orbital filling order

Answer 19

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p

Question 20

Electronegativity Factors Effecting

Answer 20

Increases across the period- more protons and smaller radius

Decreases down the group- larger distance and more shielding

Question 21

Ionic bonding

Answer 21

Metals lose electrons +

Non metals gains electrons -

Question 22

Factors Effecting Metallic Bonding

Answer 22

Number of protons
Number of delocalised electrons
Size of ion

Question 23

Properties of metals

Answer 23

Shiny 
Hard
Tough
Strong
Conductor of heat
Conductor of electricity 
High melting and boiling points

Question 24

Polar Intermolecular Bonds

Answer 24

has poles hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole

Question 25

Non Polar Intermolecular Bonds

Answer 25

Doesn't have poles | Van der Waals

Question 26

Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 26

H-O H-F H-N

Question 27

Factors Affecting Ionisation Energy

Answer 27

Shielding Nuclear charge Radius size

Question 28

Advantages and Disadvantages of Chlorine

Answer 28

- kills bacteria in water | - is toxic

Question 29

Salt

Answer 29

Compound formed when the hydrogen in an acid molecule is replaced by a metal ion or ammonium.

Question 30

Acid

Answer 30

A proton donor

Question 31

Base

Answer 31

A proton acceptor

Question 32

Group 2 Reactivity

Answer 32

Increases down the group

Question 33

Group 2 Reactions with Water

Answer 33

forms a metal hydroxide and hydrogen Ca + 2H2O --> Ca(OH)2 + H2

Question 34

Group 2 Reactions with Oxygen

Answer 34

when burnt in oxygen, solid white oxides are produced 2Ca + O2 --> 2CaO

Question 35

Group 2 Oxides with Water

Answer 35

form metal hydroxides CaO + H2O --> Ca2+ + 2OH- product dissolves

Question 36

Group 2 Thermal Decomposition

Answer 36

CaCO3 --> CaO + CO2

Question 37

Group 2 Compound's Uses

Answer 37

Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide, neutralises acid soils. Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide, indigestion tablets, neutralises excess stomach acids.

Question 38

What do acids do when mixed with water?

Answer 38

Release hydrogen ions

Question 39

Sulfuric acids produce salts called?

Answer 39

Sulfates

Question 40

Hydrochloric acids produce salts called?

Answer 40

Chlorides

Question 41

Nitric acids produce salts called?

Answer 41

Nitrates

Question 42

What happens when an acid reacts with a base?

Answer 42

They neutralise each other acid + base --> salt + water

Question 43

What happens when an acid reacts with a metal?

Answer 43

metal + acid --> metal salt + hydrogen

Question 44

What happens when an acids reacts with a carbonate?

Answer 44

Metal carbonate + acid --> carbon dioxide + water

Question 45

how do van der waals forces arise?

Answer 45

- uneven distribution of electrons - creates an instantaneous dipole - causes induced dipole in neighbouring molecules