Unit 1

Question 1

Covalent bond

Answer 1

Bond between two or more atoms where electrons are shared

Question 2

Hydrogen bond

Answer 2

Attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and another electronegative atom of another molecule
Ex: hydrogen bonds are between the nucleotides in DNA

Question 3

Cell

Answer 3

The simplest entity that can exist as an independent unit of life

Question 4

Monomer

Answer 4

Molecule that may bind chemical to other molecules to form a polymer
Ex: nucleotides, amino acids

Question 5

Polymer

Answer 5

Complex molecules made up of repeated simpler units connected by covalent bonds

Question 6

Examples of polymers

Answer 6

Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
Lipid membranes are polymers of fatty acids.
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.

Question 7

Amino acid

Answer 7

Contains central carbon atom (alpha carbon) and is covalently bound to 4 groups: a carboxyl group (COOH), an amino group (NH2), a hydrogen atom (H), a “R’’ group or side chain which differs for all a,into acids
Amino acids are linked in a chain to form a protein

Question 8

Peptide bond

Answer 8

The carbon atom in the carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined to the nitrogen atom in the amino group of the next covalent linkage. This releases two hydrogens and an oxygen (H2O)

Question 9

Ionic bond

Answer 9

Attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Question 10

Polypeptide

Answer 10

Chains of amino acids. One or more polypeptide molecules make up proteins.

Question 11

Carbohydrate

Answer 11

Molecules composed of C, H, and O atoms. Are the principle source of enrage for metabolism.

Question 12

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 12

The covalent bonds that attach monosaccharides. Can be seen as two carbohydrates attached to an oxygen with single bonds.

Question 13

Nucleotide

Answer 13

Building blocks of DNA and RNA. Composed of a base (A,T,G,C), sugar, and phosphoric acid. Linked together with hydrogen bonds.

Question 14

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 14

Link successive DNA, forming the backbone. Can be visualized as the O atom or OH atom bound to a P with 3 other O atoms (one double bond).

Question 15

Fatty acid

Answer 15

Long chain of carbons attached to a carboxyl group (COOH) at the end

Question 16

Triacylglycerol/Triglyceride

Answer 16

Lipid used for energy storage. Makes up of 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol (made up of OH, C, and CH2)

Question 17

Hydrophilic

Answer 17

“Water loving” polar

Question 18

Hydrophobic

Answer 18

“Water fearing”, non polar

Question 19

Nucleus

Answer 19

Houses the cells DNA

Question 20

Mitochondria

Answer 20

Specialized organelles that harness energy for the cell

Question 21

Rough ER

Answer 21

Associated with ribosomes. Many proteins are synthesized by ribosomes associated with the rough ER.

Question 22

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 22

Composed of two layers of fatty acids

Question 23

Vesicles

lysosomes

Answer 23

Fluid filled and enclosed with a lipid bilayer. Lysosomes are specialized vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus remove food particles and unneeded cell material.

Question 24

Golgi apparatus

Answer 24

Next stop after the endoplasmic reticulum. Further modifies proteins and lipids produced by the ER, and acts as a sorting station.

Question 25

Central Dogma of Biology

Answer 25

Describes the basic flow of information in a cell, and while there are exceptions, it constitutes a fundamental principle in biology.

Question 26

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Answer 26

The information archive

Question 27

RNA polymerase

Answer 27

An enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA. Necessary for transcription,

Question 28

mRNA

Answer 28

Messenger RNA. Carries information from DNA to the ribosomes (site of protein synthesis)

Question 29

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

Answer 29

Helps decode a messenger RNA sequence into a protein

Question 30

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

Answer 30

Allows protein synthesis to occur. Helps translate mRNA into protein.

Question 31

Transcription

Answer 31

Synthesis of a new RNA template from DNA. Occurs in the nucleus.

Question 32

Translation

Answer 32

Conveying information from RNA to form proteins. Occurs in the cytoplasm.

Question 33

Integral membrane protein

Answer 33

Permanently attached to the biological membrane

Question 34

Primary protein structure

Answer 34

Amino acid sequence

Question 35

Secondary protein structure

Answer 35

Due to hydrogen bonding. Alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets.

Question 36

Tertiary structure

Answer 36

Overall shape; due to interactions of amino acid side chains

Question 37

Quaternary structure

Answer 37

2 or more polypeptides interact to form a single structure (I.e. hemoglobin)

Question 38

Carboxyl group

Answer 38

COOH, found in amino acids and fatty acids.

Question 39

Amino group

Answer 39

Nitrogen bound to hydrogens, and an R group. Found in amino acids.

Question 40

"R" group

Answer 40

Found in amino acids; any group in which a carbon or hydrogen is attached to the rest of the molecule

Question 41

Disulfide bond (S-S)

Answer 41

Can link together two proteins

Question 42

Diffusion

Answer 42

Movement of molecules due to random motion

Question 43

Osmosis

Answer 43

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Question 44

Primary active transport

Answer 44

Uses chemical energy stored in ATP | Ex: sodium potassium ATPase

Question 45

Secondary active transport

Answer 45

Uses energy of an electrochemical gradient

Question 46

Prokaryotes

Answer 46

Without nucleus

Question 47

Eukaryotes

Answer 47

With nucleus

Question 48

What makes something living?

Answer 48

1. Complexity 2. Ability to change in response to environment 3. Reproduction 4. Ability to evolve