Unit 2

Question 1

Micro tubule

Answer 1

Polymer of tubulin dimers. Key components of cilia and flagella. Helps cells withstand compression and maintain their shape. For the spindle apparatus which is important for cell division.

Question 2

Micro filaments/Actin filament

Answer 2

Actin monomers. Reinforce the plasma membrane and organize proteins. Maintain the shape of the cell.

Question 3

Intermediate filament

Answer 3

Provide cells with mechanical strength. Proteins that make up the intermediate filaments differ from one cell to another. Cable like structure and very resilient to stretch.

Question 4

Tight junctions

Answer 4

Connects two cells in order to remove space between them

Question 5

Gap junctions

Answer 5

Connections between cells that allows varies molecules and ions to directly pass through. Ex: sodium

Question 6

DNA replication

Answer 6

Occurs in the nucleus and produces identical copies

Question 7

DNA polymerase

Answer 7

Enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides

Question 8

Double helix

Answer 8

Shape of DNA formed with anti parallel strands. Looks like a staircase

Question 9

Antisense strand/Template strand

Answer 9

Serves as the source for the protein code

Question 10

Sense (coding) strand

Answer 10

Compliment to the antisense strand and is the same as the new RNA strand synthesized from the antisense strand

Question 11

5 prime end

Answer 11

Same for both DNA and RNA, contains the phosphate group

Question 12

3 prime end

Answer 12

DNA containers hydrogen whereas RNA has a hydroxyl group

Question 13

Leading strand

Answer 13

From 5’ to 3’ and is continuous replication

Question 14

Lagging strand

Answer 14

From 5’ to 3’ and is replicated in fragments known as Okazaki fragments

Question 15

Primer

Answer 15

Serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis because DNA polymerase requires an existing strand of nucleotides

Question 16

Mutation

Answer 16

Occurs in DNA and is a permanent change in the nucleotide sequence

Question 17

Silent mutations

Answer 17

Nucleotide substitution. Results in a different codon but the same amino acid forming from that codon.

Question 18

Missense mutation

Answer 18

Different codon forms a different amino acid resulting in the replacement of an amino acid

Question 19

Nonsense mutation

Answer 19

Creates a stop codon that terminates translation

Ex: UAG codon

Question 20

Frameshift (insertion or deletion) mutation

Answer 20

Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide which results in a change of all the codons
Ex: cystic fibrosis where 3 nucleotides are deleted which results in a missing amino acid causing ion imbalances

Question 21

Karyotype

Answer 21

Number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus

Question 22

Chromosomes

Answer 22

Made up of DNA and proteins. Passed from parents to offspring. Includes your genetic makeup.

Question 23

Gene

Answer 23

Region of DNA that encodes RNA or protein product and is responsible for phenotypic traits

Question 24

Allele

Answer 24

Variant form of a gene. Humans are diploid because one allele is inherited from each parent.

Question 25

Genotype

Answer 25

An individual's collection of genes, or the inherited alleles

Question 26

Phenotype

Answer 26

An individual's observable traits

Question 27

Heterozygous

Answer 27

Two different alleles (dominant and recessive) | Ex: Bb

Question 28

Homozygous

Answer 28

Two of the same allele (dominant or recessive) | Ex: BB or bb

Question 29

Dominant allele

Answer 29

A trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it

Question 30

Recessive allele

Answer 30

The second allele; only show their affect if the individual has two copies

Question 31

Punnet square

Answer 31

Used to predict the outcomes of offspring of a particular cross

Question 32

Test cross

Answer 32

Breeding of dominant individual and recessive individual in order to determine genotype

Question 33

Phenotypic trait

Answer 33

Observable trait such as hair color, eye color

Question 34

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 34

Stating that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors as sort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together

Question 35

Law of Segregation

Answer 35

During production of gametes, the two copies of each genetic factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent

Question 36

Mitosis

Answer 36

When cells divide into identical cells

Question 37

Meiosis

Answer 37

Division of cells into 4 daughter cells that are not identical and are haploid (one set of chromosomes)

Question 38

Somatic cells

Answer 38

Any cell in the body except for sperm and egg cells. They are diploid (2 sets of chromosomes).

Question 39

Prophase

Answer 39

Mitosis- chromosomes condense and become visible. Micro tubules radiate to opposite poles. Meiosis- same thing but with crossing over present.

Question 40

Metaphase

Answer 40

Mitosis- micro tubules attach to chromosomes at kinetochure and align in a position roughly equidistant from the two poles Meiosis- same but without separation of sister chromatids (due to crossing over)

Question 41

Anaphase

Answer 41

Mitosis- sister chromatids separate and travel to opposite poles Meiosis- homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids remain together

Question 42

Telophase

Answer 42

Mitosis- nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense (you have two identical diploid daughter cells)

Question 43

Anaphase II (Meiosis II)

Answer 43

Sister chromatids separate and you have four genetically different haploid daughter cells

Question 44

Cytokinesis

Answer 44

Physical process of cell division

Question 45

Chromatid (Sister chromatids)

Answer 45

A chromatid is one copy of a chromosome joined to another chromosomes. Both copies are identical.

Question 46

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 46

Similar in size and shape but not identical. Carry the same genes but not the same allele.

Question 47

Gamete

Answer 47

Haploid germ cell that is able to produce a zygote

Question 48

Crossing over

Answer 48

Exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes

Question 49

Oocyte

Answer 49

A cell from which an egg develops

Question 50

Polar bodies

Answer 50

Haploid cell formed during meiosis. Does unit have the ability to be fertilized.

Question 51

Haploid

Answer 51

One set of chromosomes

Question 52

Diploid

Answer 52

Two sets of chromosomes

Question 53

Fertilization

Answer 53

Union of human egg and sperm

Question 54

Zygote

Answer 54

Formed from fertilization of two gametes

Question 55

The motor protein that causes sperm movement

Answer 55

Axonemal Dynein

Question 56

Protein that supports the shape of micro villi

Answer 56

Actin

Question 57

Kinesin

Answer 57

Movement of a vesicles toward the plasma membrane

Question 58

Dynein

Answer 58

Movement of a vesicles away from plasma membrane

Question 59

Mitosis spindle is composed of polymers of

Answer 59

Tubulin

Question 60

Cell division cycle

Answer 60

M, G1, S phase, G2

Question 61

Synapsis

Answer 61

When maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes exchange information

Question 62

X-linked

Answer 62

Males get it from their mothers

Question 63

Who can a woman inherit an X-linked condition from?

Answer 63

Both mother and father need to have it