Unit 1

Question 1

Radiation

Answer 1

Transfer of energy from one point to another

Question 2

Ionizing radiation

Answer 2

Energy to knock out inner shell electron from an atom

Question 3

Radiobiology

Answer 3

How radiation affect biological tissue

Question 4

Desquamation

Answer 4

Shedding of skin beyond skin reddening can be dry or moist

Question 5

Epilation

Answer 5

Hair loss

Question 6

Law of bergonie and tribondeau

Answer 6

Experimented on rodent testicles
1 stem cells are more radio sensitive
2 younger tissues are more radio sensitive
3 more metabolic activity in cell the more radio sensitive
4 greater rate of division of cell the more radiosensitive

Question 7

Direct effects

Answer 7

Radiation interacts with target cell directly

Question 8

Indirect effects

Answer 8

Radiation comes in and interacts with water which creates free radicals which interact with our cells

Question 9

Fractionation theory

Answer 9

Giving multiple doses over a period of time rather than one large dose is better

Question 10

Repopulation and protraction

Answer 10

When doses are lowered over time the normal non targeted tissues can heal themselves

Question 11

Mutagenesis

Answer 11

Radiated fruit flies to see changes in genes but changes identical to what we see in nature just sped up
1927

Question 12

Oxygen effect

Answer 12

Increased presence of oxygen increased radio sensitivity of cells

Question 13

NRC

Answer 13

Nuclear regulatory commission

Question 14

FDA

Answer 14

Good and drug administration

Question 15

NCRP

Answer 15

National council on radiation protection and measurement

Question 16

ICRP

Answer 16

International committee on radiological protection

Question 17

Roentgen

Answer 17

Ionizations in the air and gamma rays only
1928
2.58x10^-4 coloumbs/ kilogram
Replaced by coulomb/kilogram

Question 18

RAD

Answer 18

Radiation absorbed dose
1953
100 erg/g
Replaced by gray

Question 19

REM

Answer 19

Radiation equivalent to man-measures biological response

Replaced by sievert

Question 20

Cosmic radiation

Answer 20

Gets worse as higher in atmosphere

Sun, stars, outer space

Question 21

Terrestrial radiation

Answer 21

Inside earth, uranium, granite

Question 22

Internal radiation

Answer 22

Food: bananas, beer

Question 23

Artificial radiation

Answer 23

Nuclear power, X-rays

Question 24

What percent of a persons overall radiation exposure is from medical procedures?

Answer 24

50%

Question 25

Average annual dose in the US

Answer 25

6.2 mSv | Per day person gets .017 mSv

Question 26

Occupation limit

Answer 26

50 mSv

Question 27

Student limit

Answer 27

1 mSv

Question 28

What is the lowest frequency EM waves

Answer 28

Radio waves

Question 29

What is the highest frequency EM waves

Answer 29

X-rays and gamma rays

Question 30

Alpha particles

Answer 30

``` Emitted from atoms as a process of radioactive decay Made of two protons and two neutrons Positive charge Low ability to penetrate matter Lose energy quickly Easily absorbed by skin, paper ```

Question 31

Bets particles

Answer 31

Essentially electrons in motion Emitted from atoms as a process of radioactive beta decay Medium ability to penetrate matter Less likely to interact with matter than alpha particles Can be shielded with wood or lead shielding

Question 32

Gamma rays

Answer 32

``` Radiation oncology Similar to X-rays-come from nucleus Emitted from nucleus of cell Highest frequency and shortest wavelength High energy ```

Question 33

Skin erythema

Answer 33

Unit used from 1900-1939 to measure radiation exposure

Question 34

Coulomb

Answer 34

Basic unit of electrical charge

Question 35

Air kerma

Answer 35

``` Acronym for: Kinetic energy released in matter Kinetic energy released in material Kinetic energy released per unit mass Expresses radiation concentration transferred to a point ```

Question 36

DAP

Answer 36

Sum of total air kerma over exposed area of patients surface | MGy-cm^2

Question 37

Absorbed dose

Answer 37

Amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by an irradiated object Biological damage

Question 38

Absorbed dose is dependent on:

Answer 38

Atomic number of the tissue Mass density of the tissue Energy of the incident photon

Question 39

Equivalent dose

Answer 39

EqD=D xWr | Sv=Gy xWr

Question 40

Radiation weighting factor

Answer 40

Dimensionless factor used for radiation protection to account for differences in biological impact among various types of ionizing radiation

Question 41

Linear energy transfer

Answer 41

Amount of energy transferred in average by incident radiation to an object per unit length of track through the object How much energy it gives off as traveling High LET=more damaging Low LET=more picky KeV/um

Question 42

Effective dose

Answer 42

EfD=D x Wr x Wt | Sv=Gy x Wr x Wt

Question 43

Tissue weighting factor

Answer 43

Takes into account the relative detriment job to each specific organ and tissue