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Radiation Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Essential functions of the cell

A

Metabolism
Reproduction
Growth
Repair

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2
Q

Humans contain how many cells?

A

60-100 trillion

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3
Q

What is the order starting from cells of organization

A 
Cells
Tissues
Organs
System
Organism
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4
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

Living content of a cell that is surrounded by plasma membrane.
Water makes up 75-80% of protoplasm

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5
Q

Critical functions of water

A 
Solvent
Transport medium
Lubrication of joints/digestive tract
Regulates temperature
Cushions organs
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6
Q

4 major classes of organic compounds

A

Protein
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acid

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7
Q

Proteins

A

Make up 15% of cell
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Found in hair, nails, cartilage

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8
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Assist in growth

Tissue repair, and tissue reproduction

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9
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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10
Q

Proteins also make what?

A

Enzymes

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11
Q

What does an enzyme do?

A

Controls chemical reactions in cells.
Catalysts: make reaction happen
Provide energy, make new cell parts and control chemical reactions

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12
Q

Lipids

A

2% of the cell
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Aka fats

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13
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Energy storage, insulation, aid in digestion, lubricate joints

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14
Q

Carbohydrates

A

1% of the cell

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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15
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Major energy source

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16
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugar,

Glucose and fructose

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17
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 sugar molecules,

Table sugar lactose

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18
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Long chains of carbohydrates

Pasta, starch

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19
Q

Nucleic acids

A

10% of cell
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous
Made from thousands of nucleotides

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20
Q

Purines

A

Alanine, guanine

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21
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

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22
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Mineral sales:
Sodium outside of the cell to keep cell from bursting
Potassium inside the cell prevents cell from collapsing

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23
Q

Cell membrane

A

Separates outside from inside, protect cell from other cells

Composed of double layer of lipids and proteins

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24
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Watery solution between cell membrane and nucleus

Composed of all cell components.

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25
Metabolism
Combination of Anabolism and metabolism
26
Centrosome
Circular body that holds the centrioles
27
Centrioles
Cylindrical organelles, | Create spindle fibers for mitosis
28
Endoplasmic reticulum
Tubular network from nuclear membrane to cell membrane | Can be a protein storage area
29
Rough ER
Ribosomes here | Ribosomes make proteins
30
Smooth ER
No ribosomes
31
Mitochondria
Power house of cell, Oval/rod shaped Create energy in form of ATP
32
Golgi apparatus
Discovered in 1898 Series of flat membranous layers Creates carbohydrates, combines them with protein then exports them A dynamo in gastric cells, salivary glands, pancreatic glands
33
Lysosomes
Suicide bags Contain digestive enzymes for cell Clean up old cell parts If lysosomes bursts, results in cell death
34
Nucleus
Control center for cell division and metabolism Contains DNA and proteins Surrounded by nuclear membrane which s contiguous with ER
35
What type of DNA is in the nucleus?
Chromatin: uncoiled chromosomes Chromosomes: DNA tightly coiled We can only see chromosomes
36
Nucleolus
Small dense sphere in the nucleus of the cell | Contains RNA which synthesizes proteins for the cell
37
DNA
Double helix A goes with T C goes with G
38
RNA
Produced in the nucleus, functions in the cytoplasm A goes with U C goes with G
39
mRNA
Messenger RNA | Carries protein synthesis code to the ribosomes
40
tRNA
Transfer RNA | Carries amino acids to ribosomes
41
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA | Helps mRNA link to ribosome
42
Somatic cells
Any cell in the body except reproductive cells | Diploid: 23 pairs of chromosomes in somatic cells
43
Chromosomes are only visible when
Cell division
44
Germ cells
Reproductive cells | Haploid: 23 total chromosomes
45
Interphase
Biggest phase Nondividing segment of mitosis 3 parts G1, S, G2.
46
G1
Cell operating under normal conditions, everything routine
47
S phase
Synthesis phase, DNA starts replicating | Chromatic starting to coil into chromosomes
48
G2
Growth preparing for mitosis | Heading toward prophase
49
Prophase
Chromosomes fully condense Centrioles make fibers and pull them across cell Nuclear membrane is breaking down
50
Metaphase
Paired chromosomes line up along equator | Centromeres divide
51
Anaphase
Chromosomes split | Move to opposite poles of cell
52
Telophase
Chromosomes unravel as they approach their pole | Nuclear membrane starts to form around each new set of chromosomes
53
How many times is DNA replicated in meiosis?
Once during interphase
54
When in the cell cycle is the most radiosensitive
Passage from G1 to S phase | Metaphase
55
When in the cell cycle is considered the most radioresistant?
Mid to late S phase
56
What is more radiosensitive than cytoplasm?
The nucleus
57
What is the most radiosensitive part of the cell?
DNA
58
Which cells are highly sensitive?
Lymphocytes Spermatogonia Erythroblasts Intestinal crypt cells
59
Cells that are moderately sensitive
Endothelial cells Osteoblasts Spermatid Fibroblasts
60
Cells that have low sensitivity
Muscle cells Nerve cells Chondrocytes
61
Irradiation has 3 possible effects:
Slowing down of mitosis Interphase death Cell death
62
LET
Measure of the rate at which energy is deposited as ionizing radiation travels through matter EM has low LET Particulate radiation has high LET
63
The higher the LET
The higher the possibility of biological damage
64
Relative biologic effectiveness
Comparison of a dose of test radiation to a dose of 250 keV X-rays Used to compare two types of radiations
65
RBE is affected by
Radiation type Cell Dose rate
66
Oxygen enhancement ratio
Way to compare the effect of biologic damage under anoxic and aerobic conditions
67
Why does oxygen increase radiosensitivity?
Oxygen is needed for free radicals to form during ionization of water Free radicals help to form hydrogen peroxide which causes cell damage
68
OER
Dose with no oxygen/ dose with oxygen
69
OER is more pronounced with
Low LET
70
Free radical
Single atom or molecule that has an unpaired electron in the outer shell. Highly reactive and chemically unstable Able to diffuse through a cell Life span less than 1 millisecond
71
Main chain scission
Thread of backbone of a king chain molecule is broken into smaller parts
72
Cross linking
When macromolecules are broken and the ends become stick. | These ends can attach to other macromolecules or itself
73
Point lesions
Slight changes Involves a single chemical bond May or may not cause alteration T the normal function of the cell
74
In diagnostic imaging we are mostly concerned with which curve
Linear no threshold dose response curve
75
What does a sigmoid graph show
Dose going up but response stays the same
76
Linear
Response is directly proportional
77
Threshold
Assumes a radiation level below which no effects observed | Short term somatic effects
78
Non threshold
Any dose could have observed effects | Cancer and genetic effects
79
Target theory
If critical component is damage or inactivated in the cell when irradiated the cell will die DNA is target molecule Interaction with DNA is random

Radiation Biology (4 decks)

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