Unit 1 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What is an independent and dependent variable?
A
Independent- being changed or controlled
Dependent- being tested and measured
2
Q
What is the difference between informed consent and informed assent?
A
Informed consent- 18+
Informed assent- -18 (under 18)
3
Q
What is the difference in a naturalistic observation and a laboratory observation?
A
Natural - observing a natural environment without changing anything
Laboratory - controls the observation and changes things
4
Q
What are the stages of sleep?
A
Stage 1 - light sleep, jerk
Stage 2 - sleep spindles, breathing and heart rate slow
Stage 3 - delta waves grow
Stage 4 - deep sleep
5
Q
What stage of sleep are you in if you are sleepwalking?
A
Stage 4
6
Q
Who did the Baby Albert experiment?
A
John Watson
7
Q
Who came up with Gestalt psychology?
A
BF Skinner
8
Q
Who did the dog experiment with saliva?
A
Ivan Pavlov
9
Q
Discovered operant conditioning (based on consequences of responding)
A
Edward Thorndikes
10
Q
What are the different types of sleep disorders?
A
Insomnia, Narcolepsy, cataplexy, sleep apnea
11
Q
Inability to sleep, stay asleep, or get quality sleep
A
Insomnia
12
Q
Falls into immediate REM sleep during the day without warning
A
Narcolepsy
13
Q
Lose control of muscles and falls asleep instantly
A
Cataplexy
14
Q
Person stops breathing for 10+
A
Sleep apnea
15
Q
System that carries messages to and from sense organs and skeletal muscles
A
Somatic Nervous System
16
Q
System that serves internal organs and glands
A
Autonomic nervous system
17
Q
System that activates the body
A
Sympathetic system
18
Q
System that quiets the body
A
Parasympathetic
19
Q
What is the difference in positive and negative correlations?
A
Positive - both go up
Negative - one goes up the other goes down
20
Q
What are the ethics of psychological research?
A
Protection of rights and well-being of participants, informed consent, justification when deception is used, right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection from harm, debriefing, correcting consequence that may
21
Q
What is the stereotype effect?
A
Fear to conform to the stereotypical group
22
Q
What is classical conditioning?
A
An antecedent stimulus that doesn’t produce a response; is linked with one that does
23
Q
Why is sleep necessary?
A
So your cells can repair themselves
24
Q
What are the different types of brain imaging?
A
CT Scan; MRI; EEG; PET Scan
25
Based on consequences of responding
Operant conditioning
26
What is psychology?
Study of behavior and mind processes
27
Sleep replenishes chemicals and repairs cellular damage
Restoration theory
28
Part of the brain that is below the back of the cerebrum; regulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination
Cerebellum
29
Large bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. In the lateral section, its looks like a "C" on its side
Corpus Callosum
30
The top, front regions of each of the cerebral hemispheres. They are used for reasoning, emotions, judgement, and voluntary movement.
Frontal lobe of the Cerebrum
31
The lowest section of the brainstem (at the top end of the spinal cord); it controls autonomic functions including, heartbeat, breathing, etc.
Medulla oblongata
32
the region at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that contains the centers of vision and reading ability (located at the back of the head)
Occipital lobe of the cerebrum
33
The middle lobe of each cerebral hemisphere between the frontal and occipital lobes; it contains important sensory centers (located at the upper rear of the head)
Parietal lobe of the cerebrum
34
A Glad attached to the base of the brain (located between the pons and the corpus callosum) that secretes hormones
Pituitary gland
35
The part of the brainstem that joins the hemispheres of the cerebellum and connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum. It is located just above the medulla oblongata
Pons
36
A thick bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base of the brain to the hip area, running through the spine
Spinal cord
37
the region at the lower side of each cerebral hemisphere; contains centers of hearing and memory (located at the sides of the head)
Temporal lobe of the cerebrum
38
Controls movement, autonomic function, learning, and memory
Acetylcholine
39
Deals with motivation, reward, planning of behavior
Dopamine
40
Deals with learning and memory
Glutamate
41
Participates in moods
GABA
42
Deals with arousal, vigilance, and mood
Norepinephrine
43
Deals with mood, appetite, and sleep
Serotonin
44
Something you can see
Overt
45
Something you can't see
Covert
46
What are the 4 goals of psychology?
Describe things, explain what it is, make predictions, control what is happening
47
Substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system
Stimulant
48
Substance that decreases activity in the body and nervous system
Depressant
49
Things you are aware of at the exact moment
Conscious
50
Waiting room for information
Preconscious
51
Things you don't know at the exact moment
Subconscious
52
States the exact procedures used to represent the concept
Operational definition
53
What is a correlation?
Existence of a consistent, systematic relationship
54
First psychology lab in Germany (1879); objective introspection; first psychologist; structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
55
"Stream of thought" vs. elements of mind; focus on functioning in the real world; American; Taught at Harvard; known for functionalism approach
William James
56
Who is the father of black psychology?
Dr. Francis Cecil Sumner
57
Who is the father of psychiatry?
Dr. Benjamin Rush
58
What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
59
Cousin to charles Darwin; Came up with Eugenics (says if you're not black then you're not on same playing level)
Francis Galton
60
What is the difference between a sample and a population?
Sample is a smaller, subpart of a population; population is an entire group of animals, people, or objects belonging to a particular category
61
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts is what type of psychology?
Gestalt psychology
62
What is the difference between Ed, Ego, and Super Ego?
Ed- pleasure principle
Ego- how you perceive yourself
Super ego- balance of reality
63
What is the IRB?
Institutional review board that reviews and approves research involving humans
64
Freudian slip; Electra complex; Oedipus complex
Sigmund Freud
65
Baby Albert is associated with ___
classical conditioning
66
When a neutral stimulus is paired with an aversive stimulus what happens?
Stimulus doesn't evoke response
67
What are the modern psychological perspectives?
biological, evolutionary, cognitive, humanistic, sociocultural, psychodynamic, behavioral
68
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
69
What is the difference in a single blind vs double blind experiment?
Single blind - one person knows what pill is being given, but the taker doesn't
Double blind - giver doesn't know what pill is which and taker doesn't know there are 2 different pills
70
What is a placebo?
Sugar pill
71
Al is trying to decide whether the shower is hot enough to step in. Hal is listening to his MP3 player. Sal is looking at a beautiful painting in an art museum. Which individual is using his parietal lobe?
Al
72
The peripheral nervous system consists of ___
all of the nerve cells that are not in the brain and spinal cord
73
Voluntary muscles are controlled by the ___ nervous system
Somatic
74
The part of the brain located just behind the temples, containing neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech is called the ___
Temporal lobes
75
Libby's physician refers her to a medical center in order to have the biochemical activity in her brain analyzed. She is given an injection of a radioactive glucose-like substance and then is told to lie down with her head in a scanner. the technique being used is ___
Positron emission tomography (PET Scan)
76
Which of the following transmitters functions as a common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
GABA
77
A brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain is called ___
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
78
Joe is very anxious over an upcoming exam. Consequently, his adrenal glands will probably produce ___
More cortisol
79
If Mindy's doctor has taken series of images of her brain using X-rays, then she has likely had a ___
CT Scan
80
A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse
Neurotransmitter
81
Made of a fatty substance
Myelin
82
T/F: The occipital lobes contain the visual cortex, where visual signals are processed
true
83
A cell in the human nervous system whose primary function is to provide insulation and structure for neurons on which they may develop and work is called ___
Myelin sheath
84
If someone falls on the front side of her head near the forehead, what lobe is this?
Frontal
85
Marta was in an automobile accident and suffered an injury to her brain, resulting in paralysis of her left arm. What part of her brain was injured?
Motor cortex
86
T/F: Neuroplasticity is the concept that when the brain is injured, it is unable to change the structure and function of the cells to adjust the image
False
87
The point at which the nerves from the left side of the body cross over into the right side of the brain, and vice verse, is the ___
Pons
88
Introspection; we all arena control of our own processes; this is not right bc humans remember things inaccurately
Structuralism
89
Structures of the mind; break experience into emotions and sensations; "tell me about things that are yellow"; Comes to America and tries to relay Wundt's approach of introspection, but does it wrong so he breaks off
Edward Titchener
90
Other African American contributors to psychology
```
Dr. Charles Henry Thompson
Dr. Albert Sidney Beckham
Dr. Robert Prentiss Daniel
Dr. Inez Beverly Prosser
Dr. Howard Hale Long
Dr. Ruth Howard
```
91
States that if you are black then you are not on the same playing level; aka subhuman
Eugenics
92
Believed that during different stages of development, everything was related to sex; oedipus complex; electra complex; dream analysis; freudian slip
Sigmund Freud
93
Girls want to kill their mom to be with their father
Electra complex
94
Boys want to kill their dad to be with their mother
Oedipus complex
95
2 types of defense mechanisms:
denial, repression
96
Approach that focuses on brain and body and how they interact
Biological approach
97
Approach that looks at genetics of parents and grandparents
Evolutionary approach
98
Approach that looks at learning and memory; deals with prefrontal cortex
Cognitive approach
99
Approach that says everyone is in control of their own destiny
Humanistic approach
100
Approach that looks at the different cultural aspects; SES
Sociocultural approach
101
Conditioning one to a circumstance (Baby Albert)
Classical conditioning
102
Approach that Looks at the different types of consciousness; focus less on sex and more on self/pleasure principle
Psychodynamic approach
103
Approach that focuses on positive and negative reinforcements ; operant conditioning
Behavioral approach
104
What does LPC stand for?
Licensed professional counselor
105
Detailed investigations of one subject; advantage: tremendous amount of detailed info; disadvantage: info gained can't be applied to other cases
Case studies
106
Asks standardized questions of large groups of people that represent a sample of the population of interest; advantage: ability to get large amounts of date; disadvantage: potential respondents have to be carefully selected, respondents may not always tell the truth or remember info correctly
Survey
107
A measure of the relationship between one or more variables
Correlation
108
Altered state; shift in quality or pattern of mental activity
Meditation
109
17 hours without sleep is = to having a ___ blood alcohol level
.05
110
24 hours without sleep is = to having a ___ blood alcohol level
.08
111
24 hour bodily rhythm
Circadian rhythm
112
Tiny section of brain that influences glandular system
Hypothalamus
113
Internal clock that tells people when to wake up/fall asleep
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
114
Hormone released so you can go to sleep
Melatonin
115
Animals evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are more active
Restorative theory
116
REM is sometimes referred to as ___
Paradoxical sleep
117
Drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory
Psychoactive drugs
118
Person's body becomes unable to function normally without drug; withdrawal; tolerance; negative reinforcement
Physical dependence
119
The feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being; positive reinforcement
Psychological dependence
120
Major drugs categories:
Stimulants; depressants; hallucinogens
121
Drugs that increase activity of the nervous system; include amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine and caffeine
Stimulants
122
Decrease the functioning of the nervous system; includes barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol
Depressants
123
(Narcotics) class of opium-related drugs that suppress pain and mimic endorphins; cause false sensory messages altering the perception of reality; includes opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, LSD, PCP, MDMA (ecstasy), marijuana
Hallucinogens
124
Won't give you increased strengths or go back to babylike stage ; you're in control of what is going on, but you are in altered stage of consciousness
Hypnosis
