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Biology 171 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

amino acid

A

a simple organic compound containing carboxyl group (-COOH) and an amino (-NH2) group

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2
Q

eukaryote

A

a cell with a true nucleus containing chromosomes that divide during mitosis

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3
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a diagrammed hypothesis about the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of a species

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4
Q

anti-codon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

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5
Q

gene

A

the unit of heredity, the stretch of DNA that affects one or more of the traits of an organism, usually through encoded protein or noncoding RNA

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6
Q

prokaryote

A

a unicellular organism without a nucleus. often used to refer collectively to archaeons and bacteria

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7
Q

Archaea

A

one of the three domains of life, consisting of single-celled organisms without true chromosomes or a nucleus that divide by binary fission, differing from bacteria in many aspects of their cell and molecular biology

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8
Q

genetic code

A

the correspondence between codons and amino acids, in which 20 amino acids are specified by 64 codons

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9
Q

protein

A

the key structural and functional molecules that do the work of the cell

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10
Q

Bacteria

A

one of the three domains of life, consisting of single-celled organisms without true chromosomes or a nucleus that divide by binary fission, differing from archaeons in many aspects of their cell and molecular biology

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11
Q

mRNA

A

the RNA molecule that combines with a ribosome to direct protein synthesis, it carries the genetic “message” from the DNA to the ribosome

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12
Q

rRNA

A

noncoding RNA found in all ribosomes that aid in translation

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13
Q

carbohydrate

A

an organic molecule containing C,H, and O atoms that provides a source of energy for metabolism and that makes up the cell wall in bacteria, plants and algae

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14
Q

most recent common ancestor

A

most recent individual from which all the people in the group are directly descended

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15
Q

RNA

A

a molecule closely related to DNA that is synthesized by proteins from a DNA template

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16
Q

cell memberane

A

they define the cell, and physically separate cells from the external environment. define spaces within the cell that allow the them to carry out their diverse functions

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17
Q

MRCA

A

most recent common ancestor

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18
Q

Ribosome

A

a complex structure of RNA and protein, bound to the cytosolic face of the RER in the cytoplasm, on which proteins are synthesized

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19
Q

codon

A

group of 3 nucleotide bases that stand for an amino acid

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20
Q

nucleic acid

A

a polymer of nucleotides that encodes and transmits genetic information

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21
Q

tRNA

A

noncoding RNA that carries individual amino acids for use in translation

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22
Q

DNA

A

a linear polymer of four subunits, the information archive in all organisms

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23
Q

nucleus

A

the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth.

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24
Q

“tree of life”

A

the full set of evolutionary relationships among all organisms, consisting of three major branches representing the three domains of life

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25
Q

DNA replication

A

the process of duplicating a DNA molecule, during which the parental strands separate and new partner strands are made

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26
Q

peptide bond

A

A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (

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27
Q

transcription

A

the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

28
Q

Eukarya

A

one of the three domains of life, consisting of cells with a true nucleus containing chromosomes that divide by mitosis

29
Q

phospholipid

A

a type of lipid and a major component of the cell membrane

30
Q

translation

A

synthesis of polypeptide chain corresponding to the coding sequence present in a molecule of messenger RNA

31
Q

asexual reproduction

A

Identical offspring are produced from one parent

32
Q

germ cells

A

A cell found in either the testes or ovaries that undergoes cell division to produce gametes

33
Q

recombination

A

the rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from different organisms.

34
Q

allele

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

35
Q

haploid

A

(of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

36
Q

s-phase

A

The stage of the cell cycle in which the genetic material duplicates (DNA replication happens)

37
Q

centromere

A

Region of a chromosome forward to sister chromatids attached

38
Q

homologous chromosome

A

Term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent

39
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes).

40
Q

chiasmata

A

a point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands.

41
Q

independent assortment

A

formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage according to the laws of probability of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of each other pair.

42
Q

sister chromatids

A

The to duplicate a part of a chromosome

43
Q

chromosome

A

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

44
Q

interphase

A

Period of the cell cycle between cell division

45
Q

somatic cells

A

Normal body cell; undergoes mitosis and does not produce gametes

46
Q

cytokinesis

A

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

47
Q

m-phase

A

mitotic phase (cell separation)

48
Q

sperm

A

semen

49
Q

diploid

A

Term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes

50
Q

meiosis

A

Process in which that upper of chromosomes Purcell is cut in half through separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

51
Q

unicellular

A

characterized by the formation or presence of a single cell or cells.

52
Q

egg

A

ovum

53
Q

metaphase 1 and 2

A

Is mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

54
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

55
Q

fertilization

A

Is mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

56
Q

mitosis

A

Part of eukaryotic cell division during which the nucleus divides

57
Q

gametes

A

a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

58
Q

plasmid

A

a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan.

59
Q

codominance

A

both alleles manifesting the phenotypes, BOTH phenotypes show up (ex: blood A + B = AB)

60
Q

complete dominance

A

Aa will have the same phenotype as AA.

61
Q

dihybrid cross

A

2 individuals heterozygous for 2 diff. traits

62
Q

incomplete dominance

A

heterozygotes exhibit both alleles simultaneously, blended together (red + white = pink)

63
Q

independent assortment

A

alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed.

64
Q

mitochondrial inheritance

A

An inheritance pattern that results from the expression of mitochondrial DNA.

65
Q

maternal inheritance

A

A form of inheritance wherein the traits of the offspring are maternal in origin due to the expression of extranuclear DNA present in the ovum during fertilization.

66
Q

pedigree

A

A diagram of family history that summarizes the record of the ancestor-descendent relationships among individuals.

67
Q

test cross

A

Any cross of an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive genotype.

Biology 171 (2 decks)

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