Unit 1 Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
___ was the first antibiotic discovered in the 1920s
A
Penicillin
2
Q
What are fungi, protists, bacterium used for?
A
Oxygen, food, medicine, fermentation, removing CO2 from the atmosphere, nitrogen fixation, making clothing
3
Q
The study pf plants
A
botany
4
Q
Tentative explanation of something observed
A
hypothesis
5
Q
T/F: You can never prove anything in science; hypotheses can be supported
A
True
6
Q
A well substantiated hypothesis; been tested multiple times by multiple people and has never been disproven
A
Scientific theory
7
Q
internal structure of plants
A
plant anatomy
8
Q
function of the plant’s anatomy
A
physiology
9
Q
classification/nomenclature of plants
A
plant taxonomy/systematics
10
Q
how and why plants are located on the earth
A
plant geography
11
Q
the interaction of plants with each other and their environment
A
plant ecology
12
Q
book about observations how she was used to hearing noises in the spring but one spring it was silent
A
Silent Spring
13
Q
Who wrote Silent Spring and in what year?
A
Rachel Carson in 1962
14
Q
The study of fungi
A
Mycology
15
Q
Deals with prokaryotic organisms and unicellular organisms such as yeast and protiss
A
Microbiology
16
Q
plant form/structure
A
plant morphology
17
Q
the study of DNA inheritance
A
Genetics
18
Q
Discipline that deals with genes and their functions
A
Genomics
19
Q
Different term for cell/molecular biology; looking at the structure and function of the cell
A
cytology
20
Q
look at human’s uses of plants
A
ethnobotany/economic botany
21
Q
coined the term “cell” by looking at cork
A
Hooke 1665
22
Q
Saw unicellular organisms and called them “animalcules”
A
Leeuwenhoek 1670s
23
Q
discovered the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell
A
Brown 1831
24
Q
discovered the nucleolus
A
Schleiden 1830s
25
Developed the cell theory
Schwann 1838
26
What is the cell theory?
all living things are composed of at least 1 cell
the cell is the most basic unit of life
cells come from preexisting cells
27
debunked spontaneous generation
virchow
28
shines a beam of light through the microscope
light microscope
29
send electrons through the specimen
electron microscope
30
can magnify the most of any microscope at 200,000x however the specimen must be sliced extra thin
TEM (transmission electron microscope)
31
are known to give great surface detail; magnify 30-10,000x
SEM (scanning electron microscope)
32
How prokaryotic cells evolved into eukaryotic cells
endosymbiotic theory
33
2 endosymbiotic theories?
cell eating cell theory and extra plasma membrane folds
34
area between the DNA and plasma membrane
cytoplasm
35
fluid of the cytoplasm
cytosol
36
rigid structure that is there for support, flexibility, protection, and gives shape
cell wall
37
cell walls are made of:
cellulose
matrix of hemicellulose
pectin
glycoproteins
38
glue like that holds all the cellulose together
hemicellulose
39
layer of pectin which is glue like substance that holds adjacent plant cells together
middle lamella
40
flexible and is built on either side of the middle lamely; most outer part of a plant cell
primary cell wall
41
some plants have this; built inside the primary cell wall; mainly made of lignin which thickens it
secondary cell wall
42
pores and channels in plant cells that are used for communication and to share materials if needed
plasmodesmata
43
what carries things through the plasmodesmata?
cytoplasm
44
made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins associated
plasma membrane
45
fluid inside the nucleus
nucleoplasm
46
organized form of DNA
Chromosomes
47
unorganized form of DNA
Chromatin
48
part of the endomembrane system
Endoplasmic reticulum
49
Makes lipids and plays a role in detox
smooth ER
50
studded with ribosomes makes and stores proteins
Rough ER
51
stacks of disks or vesicles; responsible for secreting proteins
Dictyosome
52
if you have multiple dictyosomes together, it is called __
golgi apparatus
53
transporter of a cell; forms a bubble around anything that needs to be transported
vesicle
54
where photosynthesis takes place
chloroplast
55
Green disks in the chloroplast
thylakoids
56
thylakoids can be stacked together to create ___
grana
57
the liquid part of the chloroplast that is a colorless fluid matrix
stroma
58
Usually found in more complex plants that contains pigments called carotenoids
Chromoplast
59
found in higher level plants; colorless
leucoplast
60
Makes starch
Amyloplast
61
Makes oils
Elaioplast
62
where most of the plant's ATP is made; folds of the membrane is called crustal; innermost part is the matrix
Mitochondria
63
tend to look like small bubbles/vesicles that have specialized enzymes
microbodies
64
have enzymes adapted for hot conditions and are usually around the chloroplast
peroxisomes
65
have enzymes that help convert fats into carbs usually during germination
Glyoxisomes
66
supplies turgor pressure to the cell; stores whatever the plant cell needs
vacuoles
67
fluid in vacuoles; within this is where the vacuoles store things
cell sap
68
network of protein fibers int he cytoplasm; provide movement within the cell; hold things in place; play a role in cell movement
cytoskeleton
69
largest cytoskeletal elements; made of tubulin
microtubules
70
__ and __ are made of microtubules
flagella and cilia
71
smaller protein fibers; mainly play a role in moving things around in the cell; causes cytoplasmic streaming
microfilaments
72
longest phase for all cells; used to be called resting phase
interphase
73
cell is functioning as normal; growing and deciding whether it needs to divide if the growth factors are there
G1 phast
74
DNA replication phase
S Phase
75
Cell is making everything it needs to divide
G2 phase
76
nuclear division
M phase
77
chromatin organizing into chromosomes; chromosomes condense; nucleolus and nuclear envelope shrinks or disappears; spindle forms
prophase
78
Chromosomes line up in the middle; organizing so its easier to separate them
metaphase
79
centromere splits by separate; sister chromatids are separated to opposite poles
anaphase
80
chromosomes have reached the poles; DNA uncondenses; nuclear envelope goes around DNA
Telophase
81
vesicles carrying cellulose go to center of the cell and create a cell plate; vesicles fuse together to form a plasma membrane, empty their contents, and a new cell wall is built from the inside out
Cytokinesis
82
Vesicles that carry cellulose pinch off what?
Dictyosomes
83
Major plant organs
roots, stems, leaves, and sometimes flowers
84
usually means secondary growth like secondary cell wall
woody dicots
85
permanent regions of growth; cells are actively dividing all the time
herbaceous dicots
86
regions of tissue near the tip (can be root or shoot tip)
Apical meristems
87
types of primary meristems:
protoderm
ground meristem
procambium
88
Outer covering
protoderm
89
middle covering
ground meristem
90
inside covering
procambium
91
any growth above ground
shoot
92
any growth below ground
root
93
produce tissues that increase the girth of the root/stem; associated with secondary growth
lateral meristems
94
produces secondary tissues for support and conduction; extends throughout the roots and stems in perennials and many annuals
vascular cambium
95
outer tissue; thin cylinder that runs the length of roots and stems in woody plants; between vascular cambium and outer bark
cork cambium
96
synonymous with bark
cork
97
plants that don't just live one growing season; will come back the next year
perennials
98
only live through one growing season
annuals
99
smaller group[s that is usually only associated with grasses; adds to stem length
intercalary meristems
100
made abundant cell type in plants; cell walls are thin and pliable; can have up to 14 sides; large vacuoles;
parenchyma
101
parenchyma cells but have a lot of air spaces in between them (water lilies)
aerenchyma
102
parenchyma cells that have a lot of chloroplast; main function is photosynthesis
chlorenchyma
103
cells can live for a long time but have thicker cell walls than parenchyma\a; beneath the epidermis; longer than they are wide; long strings in celery is this
collenchyma
104
the entire cell wall is thicker; cell walls have secondary cell walls that contain signing; cells are dead at maturity;
sclerenchyma
105
show up in specific zones of the plant; barbed wire shaped things that occur in sclerenchyma cells
sclereids
106
have a lumen in the center; longer than wide; rope is made of this
fibers
107
opening within something
lumen
108
made up of more than one cell type; produced by apical meristems but mostly in woody plants;
complex tissues
109
protective layer mainly made up of parenchyma cells but has other specialized cells to move gases, secrete things, ad produce hairs
epidermis
110
the outer bark of woody plants ; has cork cells beneath epidermis ; where the bark will extend from
periderm
111
conducts water and minerals; used for storage; derived from the cambium
xylem
112
xylem is made of 5 components
parenchyma cells; fibers; vessels; tracheids; ray cells
113
long tubes of individual cells; tubes are laid end to end; have thick secondary walls; may have perforations for materials to flow through; dead at maturity
vessels
114
look like vessels but have tapered ends; laid where they overlap eachother; have thick secondary cell walls; dead at maturity;
tracheids
115
where 2 tracheids meet eachother and what allows materials to pass through one another
pits
116
thickening of the membrane around the pit
torus
117
long lived; made up of parenchyma in horizontal rows; produced from vascular cambium,
ray cells
118
conducts dissolved food materials and sugars produced by photosynthesis; made up of 2 cell types that don't have secondary cell walls
phloem
119
in flowering plants; large cylindrical cells that don't have a nucleus at maturity; come from vascular cambium; laid end to end to create a continuous pipe; ends have a wall with tiny pores
sieve tube members
120
tiny pores that allow materials to flow through from sieve tube member to sieve tube member
sieve plates
121
if sieve tube member is still living, it has a sugar that stays in solution unless something goes wrong; if sieve tube member feels a change in pressure, it will precipitate out solutions which forms a plug which plugs the sieve plates to prevent leaks
callose
122
narrow, tapered cells that aid sieve tube members in food conduction; supervisors; come from vascular cambium
companion cells
123
Ferns and conifers have ___ instead of sieve tube members; overlap at the ends rather than form a continuous tube; don't have nuclei at maturity; don't have companion cells to help
sieve cells
124
instead of companion cells, ferns and conifers have ___ to help with food conduction
albuminous cells
125
most epidermal cells secrete a substance called ___ which is a fatty substance that makes up the cuticle
cutin
126
waxy covering of the epidermis
cuticle
127
the cuticle is there to:
1) reduce water loss 2) protect against bacteria and disease
128
extensions of the epidermis of the root that increase the absorptive surface area
root hairs
129
openings in the epidermis that allows for gas exchange
stomata
130
have chloroplast and regular the opening and closing of the stomata
guard cells
131
replaces that epidermis in woody plants after the cork cambium begins producing secondary tissues; known as outer bark
periderm
132
the cell walls in the periderm secrete __ which is a fatty substance that makes the tissue waterproof and protects the inner tissues from freezing and desiccation
suberin
133
little cuts in barks that are pockets of loose parenchyma cells; there for gas exchange
lenticels
134
all cells secrete harmful substances that can harm the cytoplasm; such materials must be eliminated from the plant; generally derived from parenchyma
secretory cells/tissues
135
some plants secrete certain plant oils; some secrete a ___ - thick sticky substance like mucus
mucilage
136
sum of all interrelated biochemical processes that take place in a living organism
metabolism
137
you only get about ___% of energy as you move between trophic levels
10
138
regulate metabolism and catalyze chemical reactions
enzymes
139
creating chemical bonds to build more complex molecules; photosynthesis is an example
anabolism
140
breaking bonds to break larger molecules into smaller ones; respiration is an example
catabolism
141
___ is loss of electrons and __ is gain
oxidation; reduction
142
coal, oil, and natural gases that are reserve units of carbon
fossil fuels
143
what is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
144
generates ADP + phosphate group
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
145
___ is about .039% of the atmosphere and is one of the _____ that is seen as a correlation with global warming
CO2; greenhouse gases
146
an increase over the earth's average temperature
global warming
147
When is oxygen given off in photosynthesis?
at the beginning when water is split for its electrons
148
occurs particularly in C3 plants in hot and dry conditions
photorespiration
149
occurs when there is too much light; often called the "bleaching" of chlorophyll
photo oxidation
150
occurs if light is too intense; when stomata is open, water can evaporate from the leaves
transpiration
151
what absorb the photons of energy
pigments
152
Chlorophyll _ is associated with blue and green
A
153
Chlorophyll _ is associated with yellow and green
B
154
pigment associated with yellows and oranges
carotenoids
155
pigment associated with red; will often look brownish
phycobilins
156
where do the light dependent relations occur?
thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast
157
if energy is lost immediately in the form of heat or light, it is called ___
fluorescence
158
if electrons hold onto energy and is let go after a delay, it is called ___
phosphorescence
159
if electrons hold onto energy and is passed down, then it is used for ___
photosynthesis
160
___ is the only pigment that can hold onto the energy and pass it to the primary electron accepter which takes it to the electron transfer system
chlorophyll A
161
photosynthetic plants start with photosystem _ with __ wavelength
2; P-680
162
what wavelength does Photosystem 1 have?
P- 700
163
the electrons from water are extracted by the ___
OEC (oxygen evolving complex)
164
photosystem 2 contains:
chlorophyll A, beta carotene, little bit of chlorophyll B
165
After PS2, electrons go to __ which is the electron acceptor for P-700
pheophytin
166
What is the sequence of the electron transfer system?
pheophytin, plastoquinone, cytochrome, plastocyanin
167
proteins in the pheophytin electron transfer system that contain iron and plastocyanins
cytochromes
168
___ are proteins in the pheophytin electron transfer system that contain copper
plastocyanins
169
__ is the electron acceptor for photosystem 1
iron sulfur complex
170
if electrons go to the right, they go to ___ and are rounded up by NADP then are reduced to NA\DPH and are carried to step 2
ferredoxin
171
what supplies energy to add phosphate groups onto ADP to generate ATP?
Hydrogen ions flooding through ATP synthase
172
other names for the light independent reactions:
calvin cycle, storms reactions
173
where do the light independent reactions occur?
stroma of the chloroplast
174
what does PCR stand for?
photosynthetic carbon reduction
175
CO2 comes in and is bonded to RuBP, the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is ___
rubisco
176
most important enzyme on earth
rubisco
177
When CO2 and RuBP bond, it creates an unstable 6 C molecule that splits into 2 3 C molecules called __
3PGA
178
The energy from step 1 converts the 3 PGA into __
G3APs
179
It takes __ turns of the calvin cycle to make 1 glucose molecule
6
180
What are some C3 plants?
rice, barley, soy beans, deciduous trees, evergreens
181
what happens when rubisco binds to O2 instead of CO2; cuts photosynthetic rate in half
photorespiration
182
Adaptation for plant who live in hot and dry conditions most or all the time; reduces the risk for photorespiration
C4 pathway
183
C4 pathways have an organization called ___ where there are 2 forms of chloroplast
Kranz anatomy
184
Types of C4 plants
corn and sugarcane
185
2 types of chloroplast in the Kranz anatomy:
chloroplast in the bundle sheath cell which surrounds the vein that are larger and more green, contain few grans, store numerous starch grains;
chloroplast in the mesophyll tissue are smaller, have more grans, and lack starch
186
In C4 plants, photosynthesis takes place in 2 cells:
light reactions occur in mesophyll while calvin cycle occurs in bundle sheath cell
187
the first product in C4 is
oxaloacetate
188
PEP carboxylase is used bc it binds to __
CO2
189
oxaloacetate in the mesophyll cell is converted into __ then is moved to bundle sheath cell where its converted into CO2 that enters the calvin cycle
malic acid
190
types of CAMs plants
cacti, orchids, bromeliads
191
in CAMs, the stomata is open ___ and it closes ---
at night; during the day
