Unit 2 Questions Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
What is asexual reproduction?
A
1 parent cell is needed and all offspring are identical
2
Q
What is vegetative reproduction?
A
where you take a piece of one plant and it grows into its own plant
3
Q
what is sexual reproduction?
A
2 parent cells needed and there is genetic variation
4
Q
What is the significant about Meiosis?
A
It goes through 2 rounds & in Anaphase 1, homologous pairs separate and in Anaphase 2, sister chromatids separate
5
Q
What is alternation of generations?
A
where organisms alternate between a diploid and haploid phase?
6
Q
Explain sporophyte generation
A
(2n) Sporophyte generation begins at fertilization when the zygote is created. The sporophyte (zygote) produces sporocytes which then go through Meiosis to create 4 haploid spores
7
Q
A cell that goes through meiosis to create a spore
A
sporocyte
8
Q
Gametophyte Generation
A
(n) spores go through mitosis to create a gametophyte and some become specialized cells called gametes. Opposite gametes fuze together for fertilization which starts it over
9
Q
What is polyploid?
A
more than 2 sets of chromosomes
10
Q
How is seedless fruit made?
A
if the ploid # is odd, the chromosomes can’t pair up like they should and it can’t prepare properly for meiosis so seeds won’t be produced
11
Q
The change from the sporophyte to the gametophyte generation occurs as a result of ___
A
meiosis
12
Q
The change from the gametophyte to the sporophyte generation occurs as a result of _____
A
the fusion of gametes at fertilization
13
Q
Who came up with the hierarchy of classification? Came up with everything but ___
A
Carl Von Linnae; domain
14
Q
2 part naming system that we use for organisms
A
binomial nomenclature
15
Q
What happens when a new species is found?
A
- latin description is published
2. herbarium specimen must be on file at a herbarium that is open to public
16
Q
What is a herbarium?
A
A place that houses plants and catalogs of plants
17
Q
the info about plant species are regulated by the ___
A
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
18
Q
For cultivated plants, plant species are regulated by the ___
A
International Code for Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
19
Q
Scientists who classify organisms are called ___ or ___
A
systematists or taxonomists
20
Q
3 Domains in order of discovery:
A
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
21
Q
3 types of Protista and where they emerged from:
A
Fungi (emerged left)
Animalia (closest related to Fungi than plantae)
Plantae ( emerged right)
22
Q
show figures that branch from each other or concentrate on how similar or different 2 organisms are
A
cladistics/cladograms
23
Q
tools used to identify plants that have 2 questions; if answered A go to this question…
A
dichotomous key
24
Q
What is the main thing used to classify organisms?
A
DNA analysis
25
Bacteria emerged about __ years ago
3.5 billion
26
about __% of all bacteria are useful to human and are harmless
90
27
Some bacteria have smaller circles of DNA called __
plasmids
28
some plasmid DNA is linked to __
antibiotic resistance
29
Prokaryotes generally absorb nutrients through their ___
cell wall
30
What is a photoautotroph?
makes its own energy from photosynthesis
31
What is a chemoautotroph?
makes its energy from chemical reactions
32
What is binary fission?
how prokaryotes reproduce. One circular chromosomes copies itself while the cell is growing longer then the cell splits in 2
33
what is lyse/lysis?
when a cell dies
34
3 ways prokaryotes can achieve genetic recombination:
conjugation, transformation, transduction
35
what is conjugation?
2 organisms get close and form a conjugation tube so they can exchange DNA info
36
what is transformation?
a dead cell lysis and it releases its DNA and something else absorbs it and incorporates it into its genome
37
what is transduction?
where DNA fragments are carried by viruses
38
what is a virus made of?
nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat
39
3 main shapes of bacteria:
cocci
bacilli
spirilli
40
what is cocci/coccus
round or spherical
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what is bacilli/bacillus
rod shaped
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what is spirilli/spirillum
spiral
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reflects blue
phycocyanin
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reflects red
phycoerythrin
45
What is a heterocyst?
larger cell that fixes nitrogen
46
What is the only organism that produces oxygen and fixes nitrogen ?
cyanobacteria
47
How does cyanobacteria reproduce?
through fission or fragmentation
48
what is fragmentation?
when a new colony from from the parent colony then breaks off on its own
49
blue-green algae that is often the first photosynthetic organism on lava
cyanobacteria
50
produced by blue green algae that is a nitrogenous food reserve
cyanophycin
51
what is an akinete?
thick walled dormant vegetative cell that can resist freezing
52
What happens when cyanobacteria are in a symbiotic relationship?
they tend to lose their cell wall and function as a chloroplast
53
Cyanobacteria cause algae blooms.. what is it?
seen in spring and summer that is caused by extra nutrients in the water that pollute it making the water cloudy and depletes the oxygen which lowers the photosynthetic rate bc sunlight can't reach which is associated with fish kills
54
when there are so many algae in the water and they deplete the oxygen
eutrophication
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__ is a Japanese side dish and is used in certain class of antibiotics
nostoc
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__ causes swimmer's itch, has anti-cancer properties which has been researched to treat leukemia
lyngbya
57
travel the world looking for new species and new uses for already known species
bioprospectors
58
What is a bacteriophage?
virus that infects bacteria
59
outbreak of illness in different places around the world simultaneously
pandemic
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outbreak of illness in a defined region
epidemic
61
what is latent?
may be a while before symptoms show up
62
What is a viroid
smaller than a virus that is circular RNA found in the nuclei of infected plant cells that can be latent and can be transmitted through sex cells or machinery
63
what is a prion
misfolded proteins in animals that are generally found int the brain and causes mad cow disease by creating holes in the brain making it look like a sponge
64
What is the most common photobiont in a lichen?
chlorophyta (green algae)
65
Describe chlamydomonas
oval cell with a multi-cell wall of glycoproteins with a pair of flagella at one end and a red eye spot and 1 cup shaped chloroplast and 2 or more vacuoles
66
describe asexual reproduction in chlamydomonas
they lose their flagella and divide their cell using mitosis
67
describe sexual reproduction in chlamydomonas
2 different cell types are attracted to each other and their cell walls break down and the cells fuse together to create a zygote which will divide rapidly to create the zygospore which will go through meiosis to create 4 haploid zoospores which can swim away an become mature
68
describe ulothrix
threadlike/filamentous algae that has a holdfast cell and a wide, curved chloroplast
69
what is a holdfast cell
specialized cell that attaches to the substrate
70
describe asexual reproduction in ulothrix
It will go through mitosis to create zoospores with 4 flagella for swimming. Once they swim for a while, they will settle on an object or substrate then the first cell will become the holdfast cell and start dividing to grow into the new filament
71
describe sexual reproduction in ulothrix
it will divide to provide 2 flagella and the cells with 2 zoospores will function as gametes and when the 2 gametes fuse, fertilization will create a zygote that will have a thick wall formed around it to make it dormant. The contents inside the zygote will go through meiosis that will create zoospores with 4 flagella
72
What is isogamy
gametes are different but you can't tell the difference by looking at them
73
describe spirogyra
ribbon like chloroplast that moves throughout the filament that has a watery sheath surrounding it
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describe asexual reproduction in spirogyra
some sort of disturbance breaks up the filaments and it breaks into smaller pieces then they grow into their own colony (fragmentation)
75
describe sexual reproduction in spirogyra
cells of adjacent filaments form a papilla and the male protoplast/gamete will move toward the female gamete through the conjugation tube. Fertilization will occur to get a large zygote in the cell where the female gamete was; zygote will stay dormant then go through meiosis to create 4 haploid cells, 3 of which will disintegrate and one will become the new spirogyra filament
76
what is an epiphyte
organism that grows on an outer organism but isn't parasitic
77
describe oedogonium
epiphytic, have unbranched filaments, holdfast cell, and the terminal cell is rounded; chloroplast is netlike
78
describe asexual reproduction in oedogonium
create zoospores or fragmentation occurs
79
Descrive sexual reproduction in oedogonium
sperm will escape antheridia and will penetrate the oogonium and fertilize the egg creating a zygote which will develop a thick wall then go through meiosis to create 4 zoospores which all can grow into a new filament
80
What is oogamy?
gametes are different and you can tell the difference
81
boxlike cells that produce sperm
antheridium
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swollen looking cell that contains the egg
oogonium
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Describe volvox
green ball that forms a spherical colony in a gelatinous material and each dot is an individual cell with a flagella; they reproduce by forming daughter colonies
84
the haploid and diploid forms of the organism look identical
isomorphism
85
describe vaucheria
contains fuxoanthin; asexual reproduction occurs by producing aplanospores. Sexual reproduction occurs by forming oogonium and antheridium which has protrusions of an egg and sperm
86
nomotile spores that are carried with the current
aplanospores
87
Describe diatoms
release oils that make the water look foamy and look like glass boxes with lids and have a cell wall made of silica and contain fucoxanthin
88
undifferentiated, flattened body; no true leaves, stems, or roots
thallus
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__ regulate gas on how high or not high brown algae float
air bladders
90
main food reserve for brown algae ___
laman arin
91
cell walls of brown algae are made of the carb __
algin
92
describe Fucus
have heart shaped ends which are swollen tips called receptacles which have dots that are pores called conceptacles; conceptacles contain the antheridia which will contain 64 sperm cells and the female conceptacles have oogonium which contain 8 eggs. The antheridium and oogonium will go through meiosis to create sperm and egg cels which will be released into the water when they are mature and fertilization will occur in the water. then it will return back to the diploid phase
93
When talking about red algae, if it's unicellular it is in kingdom ____ & if it's multicellular, then it is in kingdom ___
protista, plantae
94
describe polysiphonia
has a tube called a trichogyne and the spermatia must brush against it in the current for reproduction to occur; once it touches, then it can enter and get to the egg cell for fertilization. stores its food as Floridian starch
95
Describe euglena
oval shaped with 1 long and 1 short flagella and has a red eye spot and doesn't have a rigid cell wall. Stores its food reserve as paramylon and is often found in place of high nutrients
96
Describe ceratium
dinoflagellates that have 2 flagella (1 as a tail and another that encircles the organism) have 2+ chloroplast and about 45% aren't photosynthetic ; may have trichocysts and are known to cause red tide and produce neurotoxins
97
broad like projections on a surface
trichocysts
98
what is red tide
when the water looks reddish brownish and will see shellfish poisoning
99
neurotoxins accumulate up the food chain
bioaccumulation
100
What are diatoms used for?
polishing things and used to be in toothpaste and filters
101
what are kelps used in
fertilizer, livestock feed, cosmetic products, shampoos and soaps
102
algin is produced by brown algae which is in __
salad dressing, ice cream, beer, toothpaste, and jelly beans
103
Carrageenan, irish moss, is produced by the red algae which is a thickener used in
ice cream, paint and dairy products
104
the main body of a fungus is thin, stringy material called __ which grows in and on the food source
hyphae
105
the collective hyphae body is called the __
mycelium
106
study of fungi
mycology
107
fungal cell walls are made of
chitin
108
fungi are classified based on their
spore formation
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what is coenocytic
multinucleic cells
110
genus for bread mold
rhizopus
111
asexual reproduction of rhizopus
spores germinate by being carried in the wind and produce coenocytic hyphae which numerous haploid nuclei or a mycelium; specialized hyphae called sporangiophores grow up right and produce sporangia
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sexual cell that doesn't have to be fertilized
spore
113
sexual reproduction of rhizopus
2 different strains of hyphae (+ & - ) produce chemicals attracting them to one another so they can grow parts for conjugation. Tips will meet one another and swell producing progametangium which will fuse into a cenozygote and after nuclei have fused, a thick walled zygosporangium will be produced. Then the contents of the zygosporangium will go through meiosis to create sporangium with spores then germinate and restart
114
Division zygomycota is used for:
tempeh (indonesian food) and birth control pills, meat tenderizers, and industrial alcohol
115
what is an ascus
spore is grown in it which is shaped like a cup
116
what is noncoenocytic
individual cells
117
asexual reproduction in fungi
spores are produced externally outside of sporangium called conidia which can be in singles or in chains on hyphae tips called conidiophores
118
how do yeast reproduce asexually?
budding - after daughter cell develops it separates from parent cell
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Sexual reproduction of fungi
hyphae of 2 different sexes fuse and will create a diploid zygote then will go through meiosis to create 4 haploid nuclei then those 4 will go through mitosis to create a row of 8 nuclei per ascus
120
specialized hyphaes are on the __ layer with the zygotes and 2 nuclei then there are little hair like projections which are the __
hymenium; spores
121
Cuplike structure in the woods or wherever
ascoma or apothecium
122
Fungi relevance
truffles, yeast, ergot
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what is ergot
medicinal treatment that produces hysteria (played a role in salem witch trials), speeds up child birth, treats headaches, mean ingredient in LSD
124
types of basidiomycota
"club fungi"
stink horn/dog penis
shelf fungus
puff balls
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what is a dolipore
central pore where hyphae are divided into individual cells
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asexual reproduction of basidiomycota
form conidia or go through fragmentation
127
sexual reproduction of basidiomycota
sprees release from gills and blow in wind then germinate and grow into new mycelium. Mating types 1 & 3 and 2 & 4 are compatible. compatible hyphae unite and a new dikaryotic cell grows. As basidia mature, the 2 nuclei unite to create a diploid nucleus that goes through meiosis to create 4 nuclei. 4 nuclei migrate through basidia and become basidiospore
128
Where are the spores formed in a mushroom?
gills under the mushroom cap
129
dikaryotic
2 nuclei in its cell
130
when all the sudden mushrooms sprout up in a circle because of mycelia or hyphae
fairy ring
131
over __% of a mushroom is water
90
132
__ are rich in calcium, phosphorus, iron, and sometimes protein
shiitake mushrooms
133
diseases caused by fungi
athlete's foot, fungal respiratory disease, jock itch, ring worm
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known as the imperfect fungi and outcast division that reproduces asexually by conidia and sexual is not know
division deuteromycota
135
symbiotic relationship between a fungus (mycobiont) and a green algae (photobiont)
lichen
136
__ will perform photosynthesis and will provide food for both organisms
photobiont
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__ will provide protection for the photobiont and absorb water and minerals for both
mycobiont
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the mycobiont in a lichen is usually from division _
ascomycota
139
lichens are attached/embedded in a substrate
crustose
140
has a leaflike thallus that is weakly attache to the substrate
foliose
141
upright growth that looks like branches and is growing up and out of the substrate
fruticouse
142
what is a pollution indicator
lichen
